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Article History

First Online: 25 September 2025

Competing interests

: D.G.W. and R.T.B. receive royalties from Nonacus. R.D.M.S. is a minority shareholder of Self-screen BV. A.A.C. has issued and filed patents related to cancer biomarkers; has served as a consultant/advisor to Roche, Tempus, Guardant Health, Exact Sciences, Caris, Geneoscopy, Illumina, Myriad Genetics, Invitae, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, AlphaSights, DeciBio and Guidepoint; has received honoraria from Agilent and Illumina; has received research support from Illumina, Roche and Tempus; has stock options in Geneoscopy; and has ownership interests in Droplet Biosciences, LiquidCell Dx and CytoTrace Biosciences. A.W.W. has served on advisory boards and/or received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Astellas, Bayer, EMD Serono, Janssen, Merck and Pfizer; and has contract research agreements (via institution) with ESSA Pharma, Tyra Biosciences and Promontory Therapeutics. L.D. has received research grants/support from Veracyte, C2i Genomics, Natera, AstraZeneca, Ferring and Photocure; has served as consultant for Ferring, UroGen, CystoTech, MSD and AstraZeneca; and has received speaker honoraria from Roche, Pfizer, and MSD. J.H., J.P.-B., D.M.V. and J.W. are employees of AstraZeneca. The other authors have no competing interest to declare.