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Authors
Tang, Daolin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-6180
Wang, Jiayi
Kroemer, Guido https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9334-4405
Kang, Rui
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Article History
Accepted: 22 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Competing interests
: G.K. has held research contracts with Daiichi Sankyo, Eleor, Kaleido, Lytix Pharma, PharmaMar, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics, Sanofi, Sutro, Tollys and Vascage; is on the Board of Directors of the Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation France; is a scientific co-founder of everImmune, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics and Therafast Bio; is on the scientific advisory boards of Hevolution, Institut Servier, Longevity Vision Funds and Rejuveron Life Sciences/Centenara Labs AG; and is the inventor of patents covering therapeutic targeting of ageing, cancer, cystic fibrosis and metabolic disorders (among these patents, ‘Methods for weight reduction’ (US11905330B1) is relevant to this study). G.K.’s brother, R. Kroemer, was an employee of Sanofi and now consults for Boehringer-Ingelheim. G.K.’s wife, L. Zitvogel, has held research contracts with Glaxo Smyth Kline, Incyte, Lytix, Kaleido, Innovate Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Pilege, Merus, Transgene, 9m, Tusk and Roche; was on the on the Board of Directors of Transgene; is a co-founder of everImmune; and holds patents covering the treatment of cancer and the therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota. The other authors declare no competing interests.
