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Authors
Truhn, Daniel
Azizi, Shekoofeh
Zou, James https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-4764
Cerda-Alberich, Leonor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-4278
Mahmood, Faisal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-1562
Kather, Jakob Nikolas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3730-5348
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Article History
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 12 January 2026
Competing interests
: J.N.K. declares consulting services for Bioptimus, France; Panakeia, UK; AstraZeneca, UK; and MultiplexDx, Slovakia. Furthermore, he holds shares in StratifAI, Germany; Synagen, Germany; and Ignition Lab, Germany; has received an institutional research grant by GSK and AstraZeneca; and has received honoraria by AstraZeneca, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Janssen, Merck, MSD, BMS, Roche, Pfizer and Fresenius. D.T. received honoraria for lectures by Bayer, GE, Roche, AstraZeneca and Philips and holds shares in StratifAI GmbH, Germany, and in Synagen GmbH, Germany. F.M. is a scientific adviser for and holds shares in Modella AI and is an adviser for Danaher. S.A. is an employee of Alphabet and may own stock as part of the standard compensation package. J.Z. and L.C.A. declare no competing interests.
