Updates are available Correction dated 2023-12-18

Article History

Accepted: 3 March 2022

First Online: 21 April 2022

Change Date: 18 December 2023

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-023-00982-z

Competing interests

: H.L.D. is a consultant to Baim Clinical Research Institute, Boston Scientific, Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Medtronic, and has research grants from Boston Scientific and Medtronic. S.U. received educational grants from Abbott Vascular Japan. J.-S.K. received proctoring fees from Abbott Vascular. C.D.M. received research grants (to the institution) from AMGEN, Behring, Boston Scientific, Chiesi, Daiichi-Sankyo, Edwards, Medtronic, and Shockwave Volcano-Philips and speaker fees from Abbott and Shockwave. T.W.J. received consultancy and speaker fees from Abbott Vascular & Terumo. G.G. received consultant fees from Abbott Vascular and Infraredx and research grants from Abbott Vascular, Amgen and Infraredx. M.J. received personal fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Edwards, OrbusNeich, Recor, and Shockwave and grants from Amgen, Boston Scientific, Cardiac Dimensions, Edwards and Infraredx. N.R.H. received speaker fees from Terumo, research grants and speaker fees from Abbott and Reva Medical, and research grants from B. Braun, Biosensors, Boston Scientific and Medis Medical Imaging. W.W. received institutional research grants and honoraria from MicroPort (steering Committee TARGET AC trial); is co-founder of Argonauts, an innovation facilitator; and is medical adviser to Rede Optimus Research and Corrib Core Laboratory, NUI Galway. T.Adriaenssens received educational grants from Abbott Vascular. H.N. received speaker honoraria and research grants from Abbott Vascular. N.A. received proctoring and consulting fees from Abbott Vascular and Boston Scientific, consulting fees from Shockwave Medical, and institutional research grants from Abbott Vascular. G.S. received consulting fees from Abbott Medical, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Shockwave and Terumo. E.G. is a consultant for Abbott Vascular and Terumo. N.G. received speaker and consultant fees from Abbott and speaker fees from Boston Scientific. G.J.T. receives sponsored research funding from AstraZeneca, Canon, CN USA Biotech Holdings, and VivoLight and catheter materials from Terumo. G.J.T. has a financial/fiduciary interest in SpectraWave, a company developing an OCT–NIRS intracoronary imaging system and catheter; this financial/fiduciary interest was reviewed and is managed by the Massachusetts General Hospital and Mass General Brigham HealthCare in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies. G.J.T. (Canon, Spectrawave and Terumo) has the right to receive royalties from licensing arrangements. B.B. has OCT patents assigned to Massachusetts General Hospital and licensed to Terumo. A.D.A. received research grants from Amgen and Philips Healthcare. G.S.M. received honoraria from Abiomed, Boston Scientific, Medtronic and Philips/Volcano, and has equity in SpectraWave. G.W.S. received speaker honoraria from Cook, Infraredx and Terumo; is a consultant to Ablative Solutions, Abiomed, Ancora, Cardiomech, CorFlow, Elucid Bio, Gore, HeartFlow, MAIA Pharmaceuticals, Miracor, Neovasc, Occlutech, Reva, Robocath, Shockwave, TherOx, Valfix, Vascular Dynamics, Vectorious and V-Wave; and has equity/options from Ancora, Applied Therapeutics, Aria, Biostar family of funds, Cagent, Cardiac Success, MedFocus family of funds, Orchestra Biomed, SpectraWave and Valfix. L.R. received grants to the institution from Abbott, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Heartflow, Sanofi, and Regeneron and speaker/consultation fees from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Canon, Occlutec, Sanofi and Vifor. T.S. received research grants from Abbott Medical Japan. B.P.Y. received research grants and speaker honorarium from Abbott Vascular. L.K.M. received departmental grants from Abbott. H.R. received donations for research from Abbott Vascular, BioTelemetry and Siemens. P.L. is an unpaid consultant to, or involved in clinical trials for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Baim Institute, Beren Therapeutics, Esperion Therapeutics, Genentech, Kancera, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Medimmune, Merck, Norvo Nordisk, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Regeneron. P.L. is a member of scientific advisory board for Amgen, Caristo, Cartesian, Corvidia Therapeutics, CSL Behring, DalCor Pharmaceuticals, Dewpoint, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Medimmune, Novartis, Olatec Therapeutics, PlaqueTec and XBiotech. P.L.’s laboratory has received research funding in the past 2 years from Novartis. P.L. is on the Board of Directors of XBiotech. P.L. has a financial interest in Xbiotech, a company developing therapeutic human antibodies. P.L.’s interests were reviewed and are managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies. G.W. is a member of the medical advisory board for Filterlex, Intratech, Microbot and Trisol, and received equity from Filterlex, Intratech and Microbot and consulting fees from Cuspa, Filterlex, Intratech, Magenta and Microbot. T.G. received speaker’s honoraria and research support from Abbot Vascular. K.T. received research grants from Medtronic, and is proctor for Abbott and Medtronic. T.Y. received an endowment from Abbott Vascular Japan, Boston Scientific Japan, Japan Lifeline, Takeyama KK and WIN International. Y.M. received an honorarium and consulting fee from Abbott. R.Vergallo received speaker fees from Abbott. E.A. received grants from the Ministry of Health to the National IRCCS Cardiology Network (RCR-2019-23669116-001 and RCR-2020-23670065) and from FRRB grant CP_14/2018, INTESTRAT-CAD, Lombardia Region, Italy. H.M.G.-G. received institutional grant support from Abbott, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, CorFlow, Medtronic, Neovasc, Philips and Shockwave. Z.A. received institutional grants from Abbott Vascular and Cardiovascular Systems to Columbia University and Cardiovascular Research Foundation; honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca and Boston Scientific; and equity from Shockwave. A.V.F. and R.Virmani received institutional research support from NIH (HL141425), Leducq Foundation Grant; 480 Biomedical, 4C Medical, 4Tech, Abbott, Accumedical, Amgen, Biosensors, Boston Scientific, Cardiac Implants, Celonova, Claret Medical, Concept Medical, Cook, CSI, DuNing, Edwards Lifesciences, Emboline, Endotronix, Envision Scientific, Lutonix/Bard, Gateway, Lifetech, Limflo, MedAlliance, Medtronic, Mercator, Merill, Microport Medical, Microvention, MitraAlign, Mitra Assist, NAMSA, Nanova, Neovasc, NIPRO, Novogate, Occulotech, OrbusNeich Medical, Phenox, Profusa, Protembis, Qool, Recor, Senseonics, Shockwave, Sinomed, Spectranetics, Surmodics, Symic, Vesper, W.L. Gore and Xeltis. A.V.F. received honoraria from Abbott Vascular, Biosensors, Boston Scientific, Celonova, Cook Medical, CSI, Lutonix Bard, Sinomed and Terumo; and is a consultant to Amgen, Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific, Celonova, Cook Medical, Lutonix Bard and Sinomed. R.Virmani received honoraria from Abbott Vascular, Biosensors, Boston Scientific, Celonova, Cook Medical, Cordis, CSI, Lutonix Bard, Medtronic, OrbusNeich Medical, CeloNova, SINO Medical Technology, ReCore, Spectranetics, Terumo, and W. L. Gore and is a consultant for Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific, Celonova, Cook Medical, Cordis, CSI, Edwards Lifesciences, Lutonix Bard, Medtronic, OrbusNeich Medical, ReCore, Sinomededical Technology, Spectranetics, Surmodics, Terumo, W. L. Gore and Xeltis. T.K. received personal fees from Abbott Japan. K.H. received remuneration for lectures from Terumo, Abbott Vascular and Boston Scientific Japan. T.Akasaka received research grants from Abbott Vascular Japan, Nipro, and Terumo and is a medical adviser for Terumo. A.L. received consultant fees from Volcano and Philips. E.R. is a member of the medical advisory board for Zed Medical and a clinical adviser for Kaminari Medical. B.Y. received research grants from the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC1301103) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81827806). F.C. received personal fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS and Servier, and other fees from GlyCardial Diagnostics. J.F. has financial interests in Optovue, receives royalties from intellectual property owned by MIT and licensed to Optovue and receives research support from the NIH and Topcon. I.-K.J. received educational grants from Abbott Vascular and consulting fees from Mitobridge and Svelte. The other authors declare no competing interests.