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Article History

Accepted: 6 March 2025

First Online: 31 March 2025

Competing interests

: D.C. has received consulting fees or honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi and Terumo. J.H.A. reports research grants through Duke University from Artivion/CryoLife, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, CSL Behring, Ferring and Humacyte; and honoraria or consulting payments from AbbVie, AtriCure, Artivion/CryoLife, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Curis, Eli Lilly, Ferring, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novostia, Pfizer, Portola, Theravance and Veralox. M.C.B. has received consulting fees or honoraria from Anthos, Bristol Myers Squibb, CSL Behring, Johnson & Johnson, MSD and Pfizer. J.W.E. has received payments and/or grant support from Anthos, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Pfizer, PhaseBio and Servier. C.M.G. has received grants from CSL Behring, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson and SCAD Alliance; has received personal fees from AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Amarin, Angel Medical Corporation, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca (during the conduct of the study), Bayer, Bioclinica, Boston Clinical Research Institute, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Caladrius Biosciences, Cardiovascular Clinical Science Foundation, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, CeleCor Therapeutics, CSL Behring, CytoSorbents, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Dyad Medical, Eidos Therapeutics, EXCITE International ($0 received), Gilead Sciences, Inari, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, MD Magazine, MedImmune, Medtelligence, MedTrace, Merck, Microdrop, Microport, Novo Nordisk, Paratek, PERT Consortium, Pfizer, PhaseBio, PHRI, PLx Pharma, Revance Therapeutics, SmartMedics, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Somahlution, UpToDate in Cardiovascular Medicine and WebMD; has received non-financial support from the Baim Institute; and has equity from Absolutys and Dyad Medical. S.G.G. has received research grant support (for work on steering committees or data and safety monitoring committees) and/or speaker or consulting honoraria (such as advisory boards) from Alnylam, Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, CSL Behring, CYTE, Daiichi-Sankyo/American Regent, Eli Lilly, Esperion, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, HLS Therapeutics, Idorsia, JAMP Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pendopharm/Pharmascience, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, Tolmar Pharmaceuticals and Valeo Pharma; and salary support/honoraria from the Canadian Heart Failure Society, Canadian Heart Research Centre and MD Primer, Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Centre for Clinical Research, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital/CIUSSS Centre-Ouest-de-l’Ile-de-Montreal, New York University Clinical Coordinating Centre, PERFUSE Research Institute, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre Clinical Trials and Translation Unit, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research and TIMI Study Group (Brigham Health). R.D.L. reports research grants or contracts from Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis; funding for educational activities or lectures from Daiichi Sankyo, Novo Nordisk and Pfizer; and funding for consulting or other services from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Novo Nordisk. M.R.P. reports research grants with Bayer, Idorsia, Medtronic, NHBLI and Novartis, and has received honoraria for scientific advisory boards and consulting from Bayer, Esperion and Novartis. J.P.P. is supported by a grant (R01AG074185) from the National Institutes of Aging; receives grants for clinical research from Abbott, American Heart Association, Boston Scientific, iRhythm and Philips; and serves as a consultant to Abbott, Boston Scientific, Kardium, Medtronic, Milestone Pharmaceuticals, Philips, Sanofi and Up-to-Date. S.V.R. reports research grants from American College of Cardiology and NHLBI. C.T.R. reports research grants through Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Anthos, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen and Novartis; has received honoraria for scientific advisory boards and consulting from Anthos, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen and Pfizer; and is a member of the TIMI Study Group, which has received institutional research grant support through Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Abbott, Abiomed, Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, ARCA Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, MedImmune, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Roche, Saghmos Therapeutics, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Softcell Medical, The Medicines Company, Verve Therapeutics and Zora Biosciences. P.G.S. has received research grants from Bayer; is a consultant for Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, PhaseBio, Regeneron, Sanofi and Servier; and is Chief Medical Officer for Bioquantis. D.J.A. has received consulting fees or honoraria from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biosensors, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chiesi, CSL Behring, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Faraday, Haemonetics, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Pfizer and Sanofi; and his institution has received research grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biosensors, CeloNova, CSL Behring, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Faraday, Gilead, Idorsia, Janssen, Matsutani Chemical Industry Company, Merck, Novartis and the Scott R. MacKenzie Foundation. The other authors declare no competing interests.