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Article History

Accepted: 16 June 2025

First Online: 18 July 2025

Competing interests

: P.L. is an unpaid consultant to, or involved in clinical trials for, Amgen, Baim Institute, Beren Therapeutics, Esperion Therapeutics, Genentech, Kancera, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Novartis and Sanofi-Regeneron. He is a member of the scientific advisory board for Amgen, Caristo Diagnostics, CSL Behring, DalCor Pharmaceuticals, Dewpoint Therapeutics, Eulicid Bioimaging, Kancera, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Olatec Therapeutics, Medimmune, Novartis, PlaqueTec, Polygon Therapeutics, TenSixteen Bio, Soley Therapeutics and XBiotech. His laboratory has received research funding in the past 2 years from Genentech Novartis and Novo Nordisk. He is on the Board of Directors of, and has financial interest in, XBiotech, a company developing therapeutic human antibodies. He also has financial interest in TenSixteen Bio, a company targeting somatic mosaicism and clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential to discover and develop novel therapeutics to treat age-related diseases, and in Soley Therapeutics, a biotechnology company that is combining AI with molecular and cellular response detection for discovering and developing new drugs, currently focusing on cancer therapeutics. His interests were reviewed and are managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Mass General Brigham in accordance with their conflict of interest policies. L.S. declares no competing interests.