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Article History

Accepted: 17 June 2025

First Online: 21 July 2025

Competing interests

: L.L. has received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Medtronic, Pfizer and Recor Medical, and advisory fees from Medtronic and Recor Medical. T.W. has received speaker honoraria and advisory fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gedeon Richter, Medtronic, Menarini, Merck, Pfizer, Recor and Servier. M.B. has received personal fees from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Medtronic, Novartis, Recor, Servier and Vifor. S.B. reports speaker/consulting fees to the department from Amgen, Daiichi Sankyo, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Recor Medical, Sanofi and Servier. R.M.B. reports speaker honoraria from El Kendi and Servier, and has received devices on free loan from Quipu, Unex and Visualsonics-Fujifilm. E.G. has received honoraria for a lecture at a seminar from Amgen and Boehringer Ingelheim. R.K. has received honoraria for consultancy, lectures and support for research from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Krka, Menarini Group, Merck, PolPharma, ProMed, Recor, Sanofi and Servier. G.M. has received compensation as a speaker, chairman and/or consultant from Berlin Chemie, IPCA Laboratories, Medtronic, Menarini, Merck Healthcare, Omnicuris, Recordati, Sanofi, Servier and Sun Laboratories. R.J.M. has received institutional payments for licensing and consulting from Omron concerning a telemonitoring system. G.P. has received speaker honoraria from Merck, Omron, Somnomedics and Viatris. R.d.P. has received speaker honoraria from Merck, Servier and Tecnimede. K.R. has received honoraria to his institution for an advisory role to Medtronic, and has received funding for research from the European Union, Medical Research Council, Novo Nordisk, Roche and UK Research and Innovation. P.S. has received advisory honoraria from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Baxter, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Healthink, Menarini, Primeview and Recor Medical, and has received speaker honoraria from AICME, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Genesis Pharma, Menarini, Peervoice, Science Collected, Springer and WebMD, and has received institutional research support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Genesis Pharma, Menarini and Vianex. A.E.S. has received speaker honoraria from Abbott, Aktiia, AstraZeneca, Medtronic, Omron, Sanofi and Servier, and serves on scientific advisory boards for Medtronic, SiSU Health and Sky Labs. B.W. is the Chief Scientific and Medical Officer at the British Heart Foundation, chairs and/or serves on the scientific steering committees of clinical trials of currently unlicensed new medicines supported by Alnylam, AstraZeneca and Novartis, and has provided scientific advice to Anlia and Eli Lilly. F.M. has received speaker honoraria/consulting fees from Ablative Solutions, AstraZeneca, Inari, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Philips and Recor Medical, and Saarland University has received scientific support from Ablative Solutions, Medtronic and Recor Medical. The other authors declare no competing interests.