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Article History

Accepted: 8 July 2025

First Online: 5 August 2025

Competing interests

: P.L.M. has received research grants from AstraZeneca and consulting fees from Amarin, AmGen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Orion Pharma, Pharmacosmos, Vifor and Us2.ai. B.G. has received consultant or speaker fees from Bayer, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis and Pfizer, and holds a position at the Centre for Innovative Ultrasound Solutions (CIUS), a Norwegian Research Council centre for research-based innovation, in which GE HealthCare is a consortium partner. F.M.A. reports institutional research contracts with Abbott, Ancora Heart, Boston Scientific, Croivalve, Edwards Lifesciences, egnite, GE HealthCare, InnovHeart, InterShunt, LAMINAR, Medtronic, Neovasc, TOMTEC, Tricares, Ultromics, Us2.ai, VDyne and Xeltis. V.D. received speaker fees from Abbott Structural, Edwards Lifesciences, GE HealthCare, JenaValve, Medtronic, Philips, Siemens and Products&Features, and received consulting fees from Edwards Lifesciences, MSD and Novo Nordisk. R.K. is an associate editor of JAMA; receives support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (awards R01HL167858, R01AG089981 and K23HL153775), the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (award 2022060) and the Blavatnik Family Foundation; receives research support through Yale University from BridgeBio, Bristol Myers Squibb and Novo Nordisk; is a coinventor of US pending patent applications WO2023230345A1, US20220336048A1, 63/346,610, 63/484,426, 63/508,315, 63/580,137, 63/606,203, 63/619,241, 63/562,335 and 18/813,882; and is a co-founder of Ensight-AI and Evidence2Health, which are health platforms to improve cardiovascular diagnosis and evidence-based cardiovascular care. P.A.P. is editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography; is supported as the Betty Knight Scripps–George M. Gura, Jr., MD Professor of Cardiovascular Diseases Clinical Research at Mayo Clinic; and receives research support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health and through Mayo Clinic from Edwards Lifesciences and Ultromics. P.P.S. has received grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (award 1R01HL173998-01A1) and National Science Foundation (award 2125872). He has served on the Advisory Board of HeartSciences and RCE Technologies and holds stock options; has received grants or contracts from Butterfly, HeartSciences, MindMics and RCE Technologies; and holds patents with Mayo Clinic (US8328724B2), HeartSciences (US11445918B2) and Rutgers Health (62/864,771, US202163152686P, WO2022182603A1, US202163211829P, WO2022266288A1 and US202163212228P). S.V. reports grants and/or contracts from Abbott Vascular, the American College of Cardiology, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (R01HL168940-01A1, R01HL141213-03, U24HL165029-02 and U24HL171356-01A1), Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Edwards Lifesciences and the Food and Drug Administration, and has served as an advisory board member, consultant or speaker for Abbott Vascular, the American College of Physicians, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Edwards Lifesciences, HeartFlow, JenaValve, Ikon, Medtronic, Medscape and Total CME. C.S.P.L. is supported by a Clinician Scientist Award from the National Medical Research Council of Singapore; has received research support from Novo Nordisk and Roche Diagnostics; has served as consultant or on the advisory board, steering committee or executive committee for Alnylam Pharma, AnaCardio AB, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biopeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Corteria, CPC Clinical Research, Eli Lilly, Impulse Dynamics, Intellia Therapeutics, Ionis Pharmaceutical, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Medscape/WebMD Global LLC, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Quidel Corporation, Radcliffe Group, Roche and Us2.ai; and serves as co-founder and non-executive director of Us2.ai (US patent no. 10,702, 247). The other authors declare no competing interests.