Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 23 January 2026

Competing interests

: M. Galli has received consulting fees from Genomadix and Werfen. M.P.B. is the Executive Director of CPC, a non-profit academic research organization affiliated with the University of Colorado that receives or has received research grant/consulting funding between August 2021 and present from Abbott Laboratories, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Alexion Pharma, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Angionetics, Anthos Therapeutics, Array BioPharma, AstraZeneca and affiliates, Atentiv, Audentes Therapeutics, Bayer and Affiliates, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Cambrian Biopharma, Cardiol Therapeutics, CellResearch, Cleerly, Cook Regentec, CSL Behring, Eidos Therapeutics, EP Trading, Epizon Pharma, Esperion Therapeutics, Everly Well, Exicon Consulting, Faraday Pharmaceuticals, Foresee Pharmaceuticals, Fortress Biotech, HDL Therapeutics, HeartFlow, Hummingbird Bioscience, Insmed, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Janssen and affiliates, Kowa Research Institute, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Medimmune, Merck and affiliates, Nectero Medical, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Osiris Therapeutics, Pfizer, PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals, Prairie Education and Research Cooperative, Prothena Biosciences, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Regio Biosciences, Sanofi-Aventis Groupe, Silence Therapeutics, Smith & Nephew, Stealth BioTherapeutics, VarmX and Virta Health Corporation. D.A.G. declares institutional research grants from AstraZeneca and speaker’s honoraria and advisory board fees from BMS, Chiesi and Janssen. M.L.O. reports research grants via Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Marea Therapeutics and Novartis, and consulting and/or Data and Safety Monitoring Board fees from Amgen, Janssen, New Amsterdam, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Verve Therapeutics. P.G.S. received research grants from Amarin and Sanofi; has received honoraria from Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Idorsia, Janssen, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Sanofi; and is Chief Medical Officer for Bioquantis and Senior Associate Editor at Circulation . D.J.A. has received consulting fees or honoraria from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biosensors, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chiesi, CSL Behring, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Faraday, Haemonetics, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Pfizer and Sanofi, and his institution has received research grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biosensors, CeloNova, CSL Behring, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Faraday, Gilead, Idorsia, Janssen, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Merck, Novartis and the Scott R. MacKenzie Foundation. The other authors declare no competing interests.