Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 11 February 2026

Competing interests

: N.S.R.L. has received research funding from Sanofi as part of a Clinical Fellowship in Endocrinology and Diabetes; education support from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Seqirus, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Pfizer; speaker honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Seqirus, Eli Lilly, Menarini, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi; and has participated in advisory boards for Eli Lilly. G.D. reports paid lectures from Amgen, AstraZeneca and Pfizer and provides consultancy services and has equity interest in Artrya Ltd. G.S.H. has received speaker fees from and has participated on the advisory board of GSK. D.P.C. reports advisory board participation for Abbott Vascular, GSK and CSL Seqirus. B.B.Y. has received speaker honoraria and conference support from AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly, research support from Eli Lilly (provision of medication for investigator-initiated clinical trial), has participated in advisory committees for Eli Lilly and is a clinical adviser for ProGenis Pharmaceuticals. G.A.F. reports grants and/or research support from Abbott Diagnostics, the Australian Cardiovascular Alliance, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, the National Health and Medical Research Council (Investigator Grant), the North Foundation, Novartis Foundation, NSW Health (including the NSW Cardiovascular Research Capacity Program, Senior Researcher Grant), Roche Diagnostics International Ltd and Sanofi; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations and educational events from Abbott, Boehringer-Ingelheim, CPC Clinical Research, CSL, GSK, the Heart Foundation, the National Heart Centre Singapore and Sanofi; travel and meeting support from Amgen, Novo Nordisk and the World Heart Federation; issued patents including ‘Patent biomarkers and oxidative stress’ (US9638699B2, assigned to Northern Sydney Local Health District), ‘Methods for predicting coronary artery disease’ (AU202290266, assigned to the University of Sydney) and ‘Methods for treatment and prevention of vascular disease’ (PCT/AU2015/000548, assigned to the University of Sydney/Northern Sydney Local Health District); leadership and fiduciary roles with CAD Frontiers Pty Ltd, Kardiomics Pty Ltd and Prokardia Pty Ltd; and other interests as Chief Medical Officer for the non-profit CAD Frontiers (with industry partners including Allelica, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bitterroot Bio, Canon, Caristo, Cleerly, ELUCID, Foresite Labs LLC, Genentech, HeartFlow, Novartis and Siemens Healthineers). G.A.F. also serves as Board Director (and past President) of the Australian Cardiovascular Alliance, Executive Committee Member for CPC Clinical Research and the CAD Frontiers A2D2 Consortium, and Founding Director and CMO for Prokardia and Kardiomics. A.V.K. is an employee of Verve Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, and has served as scientific adviser to Google Venture and Marea Therapeutics and hold equity in Marea Therapeutics and Verve Therapeutics. G.F.W. reports grants and/or honoraria from Amgen, Arrowhead, AstraZeneca, CSL Seqirus, Esperion, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi-Regeneron and Silence Therapeutics. A.R.I. has received consultancy fees from Abbott Medical, Artrya (including stock options), Boston Scientific and Edwards Lifesciences. The other authors declare no competing interests.