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Article History

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Competing interests

: G.D.B. has received grant funding from Boston Scientific and has received consulting fees from Anthos, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and Sanofi. M.L.O’D. has received grant funding via Brigham and Women’s Hospital, USA, from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Marea and Novartis, and consulting and/or Data and Safety Monitoring Board fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Janssen, New Amsterdam, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Verve. C.T.R. has received research grants through his institution (Brigham and Women’s Hospital, USA) from Anthos, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen and Novartis, has received honoraria for scientific advisory boards and consulting from Anthos, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo and Janssen, and is a member of the TIMI Study Group, which has received institutional research grant support through Brigham and Women’s Hospital, USA, from Abbott, Abiomed, Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, ARCA Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, MedImmune, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Roche, Saghmos Therapeutics, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Softcell Medical, The Medicines Company, Verve Therapeutics, and Zora Biosciences. M.G. has received consulting fees from Genomadix and Werfen, is the primary investigator of the following active grant: Sapienza University of Rome (grant protocol no. RG1241910F5A1A50), and is an Associate Editor of the European Heart Journal . B.N.W. has received grant funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Novo Nordisk and Oruka. R.D.L. has received research grants from Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Pfizer and Sanofi, funding for educational activities or lectures from Daiichi Sankyo, Novo Nordisk and Pfizer, and funding for consulting from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novo Nordisk and Pfizer. In the past 3 years, H.M.K. has received options for Element Science and Identifeye and payments from F-Prime for advisory roles, he was a cofounder of and has held equity in Hugo Health, is a cofounder of and holds equity in Refactor Health and ENSIGHT-AI, and is associated with research contracts through Yale University, USA, from Janssen, Kenvue, Novartis and Pfizer. M.S.V.E. receives a salary as an employee of the American Heart Association. G.P. has received research support paid to his institution (Brigham and Women’s Hospital, USA) from Alexion, Amgen, Bayer, Boston Scientific Corporation, Bristol Myers Squibb/Pfizer Alliance, Esperion, Janssen and Regeneron, and consulting fees from Boston Scientific Corporation, Bristol Myers Squibb/Pfizer Alliance, Janssen, NAMSA, Penumbra and Thrombolex. B. Bikdeli is a member of the Medical Advisory Board for the VasuLearn Network, serves on the Data Safety and Monitoring Board of the NAIL-IT trial funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Translational Sciences, is a collaborating consultant with the International Consulting Associates and the FDA in a study to generate knowledge about utilization, predictors, retrieval and safety of IVC filters, and receives compensation as an Associate Editor for the New England Journal of Medicine Journal Watch Cardiology, as an Associate Editor for Thrombosis Research and as an Executive Associate Editor for the Journal of the American College of Cardiology , and is a Section Editor for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (no compensation). The other authors declare no competing interests.