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Article History

Accepted: 28 February 2025

First Online: 19 March 2025

Competing interests

: D.K. declares institutional grant funding from Neuropoint Alliance; and is named on US Patent 11,253,726: Method to select radiation dosage for tumour treatment based on cellular imaging. L.D.L. has acted as a consultant for Insightec and holds stock in Elekta. G.M. has received honoraria for seminars from Accuray and BrainLAB. J.L. has received funding support for clinical trials from Bristol Myer Squibb. P.Y.W. has received research support from AstraZeneca, Black Diamond, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chimerix, Eli Lily, Erasca, Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Kazia Therapeutics, MediciNova, Merck, Novartis, Quadriga, Servier and VBI Vaccines; and consultancy fees from Anheart, AstraZeneca, Black Diamond, Celularity, Chimerix, Day One Bio, Genenta, GSK, Kintara, Merck, Mundipharma, Novartis, Novocure, Prelude Therapeutics, Sagimet, Sapience, Servier, Symbio, Tango, Telix and VBI Vaccines. R.K. has received honoraria from Accuray, BrainLAB, Castle Biosciences, Elekta, Elsevier, Ion Beam Applications, Kazia Therapeutics, Novocure and ViewRay; and institutional research funding from AstraZeneca, Blue Earth Diagnostics, BrainLAB, Cantex Pharmaceuticals, Exelixis, GT Medical Technologies, Ion Beam Applications, Kazia Therapeutics, Medtronic, Novocure and ViewRay. G.F.W. has received funding support for clinical trials from Insightec and the Keep Punching Foundation. P.D.B. has received honoraria from UpToDate. A.S. has acted as a consultant for Abbvie, BrainLAB, Elekta (Gamma Knife Icon), Merck, Roche and Varian; has received honorarium for educational seminars from Accuray, AstraZeneca, BrainLAB, Elekta, Seagen and Varian; research grants from BrainLAB, Elekta, Seagen and Varian; travel accommodations/expenses from BrainLAB, Elekta and Varian; and is also a Clinical Steering Committee Member of the Elekta MR-Linac Research Consortium and chairs the Elekta Oligometastases Group and the Elekta Gamma Knife Icon Group. M.S.A. has received research grants from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Incyte, Merck, Mimivax, Novocure and Pharmacyclics; consultancy fees from Allovir, Anheart Therapeutics, Apollomics, Autem, Bayer, Cairn Therapeutics, Caris Lifesciences, Celularity, GSK, Insightec, Janssen, Kiyatec, Novocure, Nuvation, Prelude Therapeutics, Pyramid Biosciences, SDP Oncology, Theraguix, Tocagen, Varian Medical Systems, Viewray, Voyager Therapeutics and Xoft; is a scientific advisory board member for Cairn Therapeutics, Modifi Biosciences and Pyramid Biosciences; and holds stock in Cytodyn, MedInnovate Advisors and MimiVax. The other authors declare no competing interests.