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Article History

Accepted: 12 June 2025

First Online: 18 July 2025

Competing interests

: B.C.C. declares royalties from Champions Oncology, Crown Bioscience, Imagen and PearlRiver; research funding from AstraZeneca, Champions Oncology, CJ Bioscience, Cyrus Therapeutics, Dong-A ST, GIInnovation, ImmuneOncia, Janssen, JINTSbio, MSD, Therapex, Vertical Bio and Yuhan; consultancy roles with Amgen, AnHeart Therapeutics, ArriVent, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, CJ Bioscience, Cyrus Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Gliead, GSK, Harpoon Therapeutics, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Ono Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, Seagen, Takeda and Yuhan; advisory board roles for Bridgebio Therapeutics, Cyrus Therapeutics, Guardant Health, J INTS BIO, KANAPH Therapeutics and Therapex; Speaker’s honoraria from ASCO, AstraZeneca, the Chinese Thoracic Oncology Society, ESMO, Guardant Health, IASLC, the Korean Cancer Association, Korean Cancer Study Group, Korean Society of Medical Oncology, Korean Society of Thyroid-Head and Neck Surgery, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and Zailab; stocks/shares in Bridgebio Therapeutics, Cyrus Therapeutics, Gencurix, Interpark Bio Convergence, J INTS BIO, KANAPH Therapeutics and TheraCanVac; is a Founder of DAAN Biotherapeutics; and a member of the board of directors of J INTS BIO. The other authors declare no competing interests.