Li, Jiarui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9340-3962
Liu, Chang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9388-4180
Zhang, Panpan
Shen, Lin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1134-2922
Qi, Changsong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9157-3768
Article History
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Competing interests
: L.S. declares consulting or advisory roles for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD, Servier and Transcenta Holding, and has received research funding (to the institution) from BeiGene and CARsgen. C.Q. declares consulting or advisory roles for AstraZeneca, Bayer, CARsgen, Imunopharm and Legend. The other authors declare no competing interests.