Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 15 September 2025

First Online: 9 October 2025

Competing interests

: J.R. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser of AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Regeneron, has acted as a speaker for AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Roche and Sanofi, has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Merck and MSD, has received travel support from MSD and Ose Immunotherapeutics and is the chair of EORTC-LCG and a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Clinical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Journal of Thoracic Oncology. A.L. has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Beigene, MSD, Pharmamar and Roche. L.E.L.H. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser of Abbvie, Amgen, Anhearth, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Sanofi, Summit Therapeutics and Takeda, has acted as a speaker for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Benecke, GSK, Janssen, high5oncology, Lilly, Medimix, Medtalks, MSD, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda and VJOncology, has received research funding from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer and Takeda and has acted as a guideline committee member for the Dutch guidelines on NSCLC, brain metastases and leptomeningeal metastases, the ESMO guidelines on metastatic NSCLC, non-metastatic NSCLC and SCLC, is the former secretary and current chair of the NVALT Studies Foundation, is the former subchair and current secretary of the EORTC Metastatic NSCLC Systemic Therapy Group and the vice-chair of the scientific committee of the Dutch Thoracic Group. M.P. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser of Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Ipsen, Janssen Oncology, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Novocure, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Sanofi and Takeda, has received research funding from Takeda, has received travel support from AstraZeneca, Chugai Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Roche and Takeda and is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Clinical Oncology. The other authors declare no competing interests.