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Article History

First Online: 7 November 2025

Competing interests

: P.L. has received grants and sponsored research agreements from Convert Pharmaceuticals SA, LivingMed Biotech srl and Radiomics SA; has received presenter fees and/or reimbursement of travel costs or consultancy fees (in cash or in kind) from AstraZeneca, BHV srl and Roche; holds or has held minority shares in Bactam srl, Convert Pharmaceuticals SA, Comunicare SA, LivingMed Biotech srl and Radiomics SA; is a co-inventor on two issued patents with royalties on radiomics (PCT/NL2014/050248 and PCT/NL2014/050728) licensed to Radiomics SA, one issued patent on mtDNA (PCT/EP2014/059089) licensed to ptTheragnostic/DNAmito, one granted patent on LSRT (PCT/P126537PC00, US patent no. 12,102,842) licensed to Varian, one issued patent on prodrugs (WO2019EP64112) without royalties, one non-issued, non-licensed patent on deep learning radiomics (N2024889), and three non-patented inventions (software) licensed to Health Innovation Ventures, ptTheragnostic/DNAmito and Radiomics SA. P.L. confirms that none of these disclosures are related to the current manuscript and none of the above entities were involved in the preparation of this Review. Z.S. declares no competing interests.