Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 22 January 2026

First Online: 18 February 2026

Competing interests

: D.B.J. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser of AstraZeneca, BMS, Daiichi Sankyo, ImmunoEngineering, Merck, Mosaic, Novartis, Pfizer, Teiko, The Jackson Laboratory and Therakos, has received research funding from BMS and Incyte and has patents pending relating to the use of MHC-II as a biomarker for response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors and abatacept for immune-related adverse events. A.H.N. has acted as a consultant of Capvision, Guidepoint Global and Putnam Associates, has received honoraria from the Korean Society of Medical Oncology, Oklahoma University, OncLive, Targeted Oncology and TEMPUS, has received travel support from the American Association for Cancer Research and the Korean Society of Medical Oncology, has received compensation from Outlier.ai for providing feedback on data analysis tools and AI development and holds equity in Revolution Medicine and Summit Therapeutics. B.I.R. has acted as a consultant of AstraZeneca, Aveo, BMS, Deciphera, Eisai, Merck, Pfizer and Xencor and has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Arcus, Aveo, BMS, Merck, Pfizer and Roche. A.R.N. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser of Astellas and Foundation Medicine, has received travel support from Jazz Pharmaceuticals and honoraria from NGM Biopharmaceuticals. R.J.S. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser of Marengo, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer and Replimune, has received research funding from Merck and royalties/licenses from UpToDate. The other authors declare no competing interests.