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Article History

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Competing interests

: F.P. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser to Agenus, Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, BMS, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, GSK, Incyte, Italfarmaco, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson, Merck-Serono, MSD, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre, Revolution Medicines, Rottapharm, Servier and Takeda; has received institutional research grants from Agenus, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, GSK, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly and Rottapharm; and has acted as an invited speaker for Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeOne, BMS, Daiichi Sankyo, Incyte, Ipsen, Johnson & Johnson, Merck-Serono, MSD, Pierre-Fabre, Seagen, Servier and Takeda. R.S. has acted as an adviser of Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, DKSH, Eisai, GSK, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Sanofi, Taiho and Tavotek BioTherapeutics; has acted as an invited speaker for Astellas, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, BMS, Daiichi Sankyo, DKSH, Eli Lilly, Ipsen, MSD, Roche and Taiho; has received travel support from AstraZeneca, CytoMed, DKSH, Eisai, Ipsen, Paxman, Roche and Taiho; has received research funding from MSD, Natera and Paxman Coolers; declares stock ownership of Teladoc; and is listed on patents pending, which are licensed to Paxman and in the processing of being licensed to Auristone. S.K. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser to Astellas, AstraZeneca, Beigene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Elevation Oncology, EsoBiotec, Gilead, I-Mab, Merck, Mersana, Natera, Novartis and Taiho; has received research support from AACR, Arcus Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Debbie’s Dream Foundation, the Degregorio Foundation, the Gastric Cancer Foundation, I-Mab, Mersana, NIH/NCI, Parabilis, Stand Up 2 Cancer and the Torrey Coast Foundation; and has acted as an uncompensated adviser for the NCCN guidelines for gastric and oesophageal cancers and to the medical advisory board for Debbie’s Dream Foundation. Y.J. has acted as an adviser and/or consultant to Abbvie, Alphasights, Amerisource Bergen, Ask-Gene Pharma, Inc., Arcus Biosciences, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Basilea Pharmaceutica, Bayer, BeOne, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clinical Care Options, Daiichi Sankyo, Debbie’s Dream Foundation, eChina Health, Ed Med Resources (OncInfo), Eisai, Eli Lilly, Geneos Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Guardant Health, Inc., H.C. Wainwright & Co., Health Advances, HMP Global, Imedex, Imugene, Inspirna, LLC, Lynx Health, Mashup Media LLC, Master Clinician Alliance, Merck, Merck Serono, Mersana Therapeutics, Michael J. Hennessy Associates, Oncology News, Paradigm Medical Communications, PeerMD, PeerView Institute, Pfizer, Physician’s Education Resource, Research to Practice, Sanofi Genzyme, Seagen, Silverback Therapeutics, Suzhou Liangyihui Network Technology Co., Ltd, Talem Health, TotalCME, WebMD and Zymeworks Inc; has received research funding from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Arcus Biosciences, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cycle for Survival, Department of Defense, Eli Lilly, Fred’s Team, Genentech/Roche, Inspirna, Merck, NCI, Stand Up 2 Cancer and Transcenta; and holds stock options in Inspirna and Veda Life Sciences. The other authors declare no competing interests.