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Article History

Accepted: 9 April 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Competing interests

: In the past 36 months, A.P. has held equity in Cadex, Khora, OneCell, Parithera and XGenomes; has been an adviser and/or consultant for 3T Biosciences, AbbVie, Adroya, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, CVS, CareSet, Caris, Delicate, DoMore Diagnostics, Eli Lilly, Exact Sciences, Foundation Medicine, GSK, Guardant, Hookipa, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Kahr, Merck, Mirati, MPM Capital, Naterara, Neogenomics, Pfizer, Pheon, Phesi, PMV Pharma, Regeneron, Science For America, Seagen, Sirtex, Summit Therapeutics, Takeda, Third Rock Ventures, Value Analytics Labs, Xilio and Zola; is Chief Scientist of Reversing Early Recurrence; receives author fees from Up to Date; has received travel fees from Karkinos Healthcare; and works in an institution that has received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Erasca, Genentech, Incendia, Mirati, Pheon, PMV Pharma, Revolution Medicine, Syndax and Xilio. Y.C. has been a consultant for Bayer Need for unrelated work. A.T.C. has been a paid consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim and Pfizer for work unrelated to this article and receives grant support from Freenome for work unrelated to this article. D.J.L. and B.S. declare no competing interests.