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Article History

Accepted: 6 May 2026

First Online: 10 June 2026

Competing interests

: J.M.L. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser for AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, B.I., BMS, Eisai, Genentech-Roche, Glycotest, Merck and Sanofi Aventis; and has received research support from Eisai and Genentech-Roche. E.M. has received travel funding from Roche. L. Rimassa has acted as a consultant and/or adviser for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Basilea, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eisai, Elevar Therapeutics, Exelixis, Genenta, Guerbet, Hengrui, Incyte, Ipsen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Nerviano Medical Sciences, Roche, Servier, Taiho Oncology and Zymeworks; has received lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biologix, BMS, Eisai, Guerbet, Incyte, Ipsen, Roche and Servier; travel funding from AstraZeneca and Servier; and research grants from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Exelixis, Fibrogen, Incyte, Ipsen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Nerviano Medical Sciences, Roche, Servier, Taiho Oncology, TransThera Sciences and Zymeworks. M.P. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser for AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Ipsen, Lilly, MSD and Roche; has received honoraria for acting as a speaker for AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Ipsen, Lilly, MSD and Roche; has received research grants from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Eisai and Roche; and has received travel support from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Ipsen and Roche. R.K.K. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser for Agios, AstraZeneca, BMS, Exelixis, Ipsen and Merck; has received fees for acting as a consultant and/or adviser for Astra Zeneca, CVS Caremark, Genmab, GSK, Jazz, Moderna and Tallac; has received research funding from Agios, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, the Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation, Compass Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, Exelixis, Genentech/Roche, Merck, Novartis, Partner Therapeutics, QED, Relay Therapeutics, Servier, Taiho and Tyra Biosciences; and has received travel support from AstraZeneca and Merck. S.L.C. has acted as an adviser for AstraZeneca, BMS, Eisai, Hengrui, Ipsen and MSD; has received research funding from MSD, Eisai, Ipsen, SIRTEX and Zailab; and has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Eisai, Roche, Ipsen and MSD. L.K. has acted as an adviser for AstraZeneca, Genetech/Roche and TRACER. A.P. has acted as an adviser for AstraZeneca, Boston Scientific, Eisai, Exelixis, Fujifilm, Genentech and Sirtex. B.S. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser for AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boston Scientific, Exelixis, Ipsen, MSD, Roche, Sirtex Medical and Terumo; has received research funding from BMS and Roche; and has acted as a speaker for AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Roche, Sirtex Medical and Terumo. A.V. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser for Abbvie, AstraZenca, Biologix, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Cogent, EISAI, Elevar, Ipsen, Incyte, Jazzpharma, Medivir, MSD, Roche, Servier, Tahio, Terumo, Tyra and Zymeworks. M.Y. has received research funding from BMS, Exelixis, Genentech and Incyte; has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Exelixis, Genentech, Incyte and Lantheus; is listed as a co-inventor on patents related to cancer vaccines; and is a cofounder with equity in Adventris Pharmaceuticals. R.S.F. has acted as an adviser for AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Eisia, Genentech, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and Zai Labs. T.M. has received research funding from Bayer, Boston Scientific and MSD; and has acted as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Geneos, Grey Wolf, Guerbet, Ipsen, Roche and Signant health. A.G.S. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser for Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boston Scientific, DELFI, Eisai, Elevar, Exact, Exelixis, FujiFilm Medical Sciences, Genentech, Glycotest, HelioGenomics, HistoSonics, IMCare, Merck, Roche, Sirtex and Universal Dx. The other authors declare no competing interests.

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