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Article History

Accepted: 5 June 2026

First Online: 30 June 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: Y.G. has acted as an adviser of Medistream and Need Inc.; and has received honoraria for lectures and travel grants from Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), Pierre-Fabre, Regeneron and Roche. H.A.W. has acted as a compensated adviser for BeOne, GSK, IOBiotech and OncoC4, and as a non-compensated adviser for AstraZeneca, BMS, Genentech/Roche and Merck; has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Genentech/Roche, Gilead, Helsinn, Merck, Pfizer, SeaGen and Xcovery; has received payment or honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceuticals; and has a leadership role in ECOG–ACRIN. M.R. has received consulting fees, honoraria and travel support from Amgen, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, GSK, Lilly, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, Regeneron and Roche. P.M.F. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser for AbbVie, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, BioTherapeutics, BeOne, BMS, BioNTech SE, Daiichi Sankyo/UCB Japan, Genelux, Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Merck, Novocure, Regeneron, Synthekine, Takeda and Tavotek; and has received institutional research funding from AstraZeneca/MedImmune, BioNTech SE, BMS, MSD, Regeneron, Summit Therapeutics and Synthekine. T.C. has acted as an adviser and/or consultant for AstraZeneca, BioNTech, BMS, Caris Life Sciences, Daiichi Sankyo, Genentech, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Moderna, Nuvalent, oNKo Innate/Audax, Pfizer, RAPT Therapeutics, Regeneron and Summit Therapeutics; has received institutional and/or clinical research funding from AstraZeneca, BMS and Merck; and has received honoraria/speaker’s fees from ASCO Post, AstraZeneca, Bio Ascend, BMS, Curio Science, IDEOlogy Health, Medical Educator Consortium, Medscape, OMNI-Oncology, OncLive, Physicians’ Education Resources, PeerView Institute, Revolution Medicines and Targeted Oncology. J.D.S. has acted as a consultant for AstraZeneca, BMS, Merck, OncLive, Peerview, Pfizer, Regeneron and Roche; has had clinical trial leadership roles for AstraZeneca, BMS, Merck, Novartis and Roche; and has received research grants or contracts to his institution from Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, CLS Therapeutics, Johnson and Johnson, Medscape, Merck, Pfizer, Regeneron and Roche. M.P. has acted as a consultant and/or adviser for AstraZeneca, BMS, Eli Lilly, MSD, Roche and Takeda; has received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Eli Lilly, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Roche and Takeda; has received research funding from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, MSD, Roche and Takeda, and support for attending meetings and travel from Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Roche and Takeda.