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Article History

Accepted: 30 May 2025

First Online: 26 June 2025

Competing interests

: A.W.A. has served as a research investigator, scientific adviser or speaker for AbbVie, Amgen, Almirall, Arcutis, ASLAN, Beiersdorf, BI, BMS, EPI, Incyte, Leo, UCB, Janssen, Lilly, Mindera, Nimbus, Novartis, Ortho, Sun, Dermavant, Dermira, Sanofi, Takeda, Organon, Regeneron, Pfizer and Ventyx. A.B. has served as a speaker (received honoraria) for Eli Lilly and Company and UCB; has served as a scientific adviser (received honoraria) for AbbVie, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Anaptysbio, Apogee, Arcutis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Corvus, Dermavant, Eli Lilly and Company, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Immunovant, Incyte, IQVIA, Janssen, Leo, Lipidio, Merck, Novartis, Oruka, Paragon, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Spherix Global Insights, Sun Pharma, Syncona, Takeda, UCB and Union; has acted as a clinical study investigator (institution has received clinical study funds) for AbbVie, Acelyrin, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Arcutis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Eli Lilly and Company, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, Leo, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Takeda and UCB; owns stock in Lipidio and Oruka; and has acted as Member and Owner of Blauvelt Consulting, LLC. In this capacity, A.B. has provided scientific consulting services (for example, protocol development, data analysis) to the following companies: AbbVie, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Anaptysbio, Apogee, Arcutis, Astria, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Corvus, Dermavant, Eli Lilly and Company, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Immunovant, Incyte, IQVIA, Janssen, Leo, Lipidio, Merck, Novartis, Oruka, Paragon, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Spherix Global Insights, Sun Pharma, Syncona, Takeda, UCB, Union and Zai Lab. K.C.D. has served as a consultant (received honoraria) for AbbVie, Amgen/Celgene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, FIDE (which is sponsored by multiple pharmaceutical companies), CorEvitas, Janssen, Leo, Novartis, Pfizer, Stiefel and CorEvitas; and as an investigator for AbbVie, Amgen/Celgene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, CorEvitas, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Stiefel and UCB. Y.-H.H. has conducted clinical trials or received honoraria as a consultant for Abbvie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Janssen-Cilag Pharmaceuticals, Novartis and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals. L.J.S. has provided education or served on the advisory boards for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Aspire Pharma, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Fresenius Kabi, Galderma, Janssen, Leo, Lilly, Medac, Moonlake, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda and UCB; and has received research funding from Janssen, Novartis and Pfizer. J.F.M. is a consultant and/or investigator for Amgen, Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Abbvie, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Moonlake, Novartis, Janssen, UCB, Sanofi, Regeneron, Sun Pharma, Biogen and Pfizer. L.G. declares no competing interests.