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Article History

Accepted: 30 July 2025

First Online: 28 August 2025

Competing interests

: S.S. is the editor-in-chief of EYE; has been a consultant for AbbVie Pte Ltd., Amgen, Adverum, Apellis, Bayer, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Eyebiotech, Eyepoint Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Ocular Therapeutix, Kriya Therapeutics, OcuTerra, Roche, Stealth Biotherapeutics and Sanofi; has received research support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Optos and Bayer; and is a Trial Steering Committee member for Novo Nordisk. T.Y.W. is a consultant for Abbvie Pte Ltd., Aldropika Therapeutics, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Carl Zeiss, Genentech, Iveric Bio, Novartis, Opthea Limited, Plano, Quaerite Biopharm Research Ltd., Roche, Sanofi and Shanghai Henlius. He is an inventor, holds patents and is a cofounder of start-up companies EyRiS and Visre, which have interests in, and develop digital solutions for eye diseases. T.W.G. has had research support from Breakthrough T1D, the Mary Tyler Moore Vision Initiative, the Taubman Medical Research Institute and the Jaeb Center for Health Research and is a cofounder of OcularDx, Inc. J.K.S. has had research support from Adaptive Sensory Technologies, Boehringer Ingelheim, Breakthrough T1D, Genentech/Roche, Jaeb Center for Health Research, Janssen, Mary Tyler Moore Vision Initiative, Massachusetts Lions Eye Research Fund, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Optovue and Physical Sciences, Inc; and has received travel/food expenses from the Mary Tyler Moore Vision Initiative and Boehringer Ingelheim. N.M.B. is the editor-in-chief of JAMA Ophthalmology; has received grants to Johns Hopkins University from Regeneron, Bayer, and Samsung Bioepis; and is on the board of directors of the JAEB Center for Health Research Foundation, Inc. and the JAEB Center Research Trust, Inc.