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Authors
de Bruijn, Marienke A. A. M.
Leypoldt, Frank https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-515X
Dalmau, Josep https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5856-2813
Lee, Soon-Tae https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4767-7564
Honnorat, Jerome https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4721-5952
Clardy, Stacey L.
Irani, Sarosh R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7667-9748
Easton, Ava https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1739-2915
Kunchok, Amy
Titulaer, Maarten J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1033-3840
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Article History
Accepted: 15 August 2025
First Online: 11 September 2025
Competing interests
: F.L. is supported by E-Rare Joint Transnational research support (ERA-Net, LE3064/2-1), European Joint Program for Neurodegenerative Diseases (EJPRD) IGNITEMIND (01ED2506B), ERA-Net MICE-AE (01EW2507B), Stiftung Pathobiochemie of the German Society for Laboratory Medicine and HORIZON MSCA 2022 Doctoral Network 101119457 — IgG4-TREAT and discloses speaker honoraria from Grifols, Teva, Biogen, Bayer, Roche, Novartis, Fresenius, travel funding from Merck, Grifols and Bayer and serving on advisory boards for Roche, Biogen and Alexion. J.D. declares research funding to the institution from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, La Caixa Foundation, Edmond J. Safra Foundation, Department of Health, Generalitat de Catalunya; a research contract from Sage Therapeutics; unrestricted research support from Euroimmun, Inc; and royalties paid to the author from Euroimmun, Inc. for the use of NMDAR, GABAa, GABAb, DPPX and IgLOn5 as antibody tests. S.-T.L. is a steering committee member of the CIELO trial (Roche/Genentech) and has served on advisory boards for Argenx, Arialys Therapeutics, Advanced Neural Technologies and Piehealthcare. He is a named inventor of the CASE score. S.L.C. is a principal investigator of the ExTINGUISH Trial for NMDAR Encephalitis, supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health under award number U01NS120901. Additional support was provided by Amgen for this investigator-initiated trial. This report does not represent the official view of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) or any part of the US Federal Government. No support or endorsement of this article by the NINDS or NIH is intended or should be inferred. S.L.C. is editorial board member for Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation. S.R.I. has performed this research funded in whole or in part by a senior clinical fellowship from the Medical Research Council (MR/V007173/1) and Wellcome Trust Fellowship (104079/Z/14/Z), the Kogod Centre on Aging and by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript (AAM) version arising from this submission. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. S.R.I. has received honoraria/research support from Amgen, Argenx, UCB, Roche, Janssen, IQVIA, Clarivate, Slingshot Insights, Cerebral therapeutics, BioHaven therapeutics, CSL Behring and ONO Pharma. S.R.I. receives licensed royalties on patent application WO/2010/046716 entitled ‘Neurological Autoimmune Disorders’, and has filed two other patents entitled ‘Diagnostic method and therapy’ (WO2019211633 and US app 17/051,930; PCT application WO202189788A1) and ‘Biomarkers’ (WO202189788A1, US App 18/279,624; PCT/GB2022/050614). M.J.T. has received research funds for serving on a scientific advisory board of AmGen, UCB, Arialys and ArgenX; received funds from Dioraphte (2001 0403); filed a patent for methods for typing neurologic disorders and cancer, and devices for use therein; obtained a copyright (on behalf of Erasmus MC) for the PROSE, an AE-specific patient-reported outcome measure; received research funds for consultation at Guidepoint Global LLC, an unrestricted research grant from CSL Behring (Interlaken Leadership Award) and an unrestricted research grant from Euroimmun. He was supported by an E-RARE3 grant (UltraAIE, ZonMW), ACT-MD (ZonMW), PARADE-VIMP (ZonMW) and ItsME. M.J.T. has received publishing royalties from UpToDate Inc. M.J.T. served as an associate editor for the Dutch JournalofNeurology and Neurosurgery (Tijdschrift voor Neurologie en Neurochirurgie, TNN) and as editorial board member for Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation. M.J.T. is a scientific advisory board member for Encephalitis International, Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance and ItsME (patient advocacy foundations). The other authors declare no competing interests.
