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Article History

Accepted: 18 August 2025

First Online: 18 September 2025

Competing interests

: V.A. has received, over the past 3 years, honoraria from: Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim and Novo-Nordisk. M.E.C. and M.P.B. receive salary support from CPC, a non-profit academic research organization affiliated with the University of Colorado that receives or has received research grant and/or consulting funding between August 2021 and the present from: Abbott Laboratories, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Alexion Pharma, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Amgen, Inc., Angionetics, Inc., Anthos Therapeutics, Array BioPharma, Inc., AstraZeneca and affiliates, Atentiv LLC, Audentes Therapeutics, Inc., Bayer and affiliates, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Cambrian Biopharma, Inc., Cardiol Therapeutics, Inc., CellResearch Corp., Cleerly, Inc., Cook Regentec LLC, CSL Behring LLC, Eidos Therapeutics, Inc., EP Trading Co. Ltd, Epizon Pharma, Inc., Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., Everly Well, Inc., Exicon Consulting Pvt. Ltd, Faraday Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Foresee Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Fortress Biotech, Inc., HDL Therapeutics, Inc., HeartFlow, Inc., Hummingbird Bioscience, Insmed, Inc., Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Janssen and affiliates, Kowa Research Institute, Inc., Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., MedImmune Ltd, Merck & affiliates, Nectero Medical, Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., Novo-Nordisk, Inc., Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., Pfizer, Inc., PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Prairie Education and Research Cooperative, Prothena Biosciences Ltd, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Regio Biosciences, Inc., Sanofi–Aventis Group, Silence Therapeutics PLC, Smith & Nephew plc, Stealth BioTherapeutics, Inc., Tourmaline Bio, Inc., VarmX, and Virta Health Corporation. M.M.M. receives research support from Mars and ACI Medical. The other authors declare no competing interests.