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Article History

Accepted: 15 October 2025

First Online: 6 November 2025

Competing interests

: B.U. is an employee of Mount Sinai and has received research funds (grants paid to the institution) from Bristol Myers Squibb, Incyte, Rapt Therapeutics, Pfizer and Sanofi. He is also a consultant for AbbVie, Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Botanix Pharmaceuticals, Castle Biosciences, Fresenius Kabi, Galderma, J&J, Leo Pharma, Lilly, Pfizer, Primus Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi and UCB. N.C.D. is a consultant for, performs clinical trials for and receives honoraria from Sanofi, Pfizer, Unilever, Direct Relief, L’Oréal, Galderma, Avene and Tricholab. A.J. has received institutional grants from Arena Pharmaceuticals, InSilico Medicine and Pfizer and honoraria and/or consultation fees from Pfizer. B.K. has served on advisory boards and/or is a consultant and/or is a clinical trial investigator and/or is on a Data Monitoring Committee for AbbVie, AltruBio Inc., Almirall, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Apogee Therapeutics, Aquestive, Aslan Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb, Concert Pharmaceuticals Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Equillium, Galderma, GSK, Horizon Therapeutics, Incyte Corp., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Otsuka/Visterra Inc., Pfizer Inc., Q32 Bio Inc., Regeneron, Sanofi–Genzyme, Soterios, Sun Pharmaceutical, Takeda, TWi Biotechnology Inc. and Ventyx Biosciences Inc. He has served on speaker bureaux for AbbVie, Incyte, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Regeneron and Sanofi–Genzyme. He is a scientific adviser for BiologicsMD. N.A.M. is a consultant, advisory board member and principal investigator for AbbVie, Lilly, Pfizer, Sun Pharma and Merck. She is also a member of the speakers’ bureaux for Lilly and Pfizer. L.R. has given medical lectures for Leo Pharma, Novartis and UCB Pharma; participated in advisory board meetings of Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi and UCB Pharma; and participated in the advisory board of the EMA. R.S. has been an investigator for and/or provided professional services to AbbVie, Aerotek Scientific, Akeso Biopharma, Amgen, Arcutis, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Ascend Laboratories, AstraZeneca, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Coherus BioSciences, Connect Biopharma, Cutanea, Dermira, Eli Lilly and Company, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, LEO Pharma, MedImmune–AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Oncobiologics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Reistone Biopharma, Roche, Samson Medical Technologies, Sanofi, Sun Pharma and UCB Pharma. E.G.-Y. has research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Cara Therapeutics, UCB, Kyowa Kirin, RAPT, Amgen, GSK, Incyte, Sanofi, Bristol Myers Squibb, ASLAN, Regeneron, AnaptysBio, Concert and Janssen; and has been a consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Apogee Therapeutics, Apollo Therapeutics, Artax Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cara Therapeutics, Centrexion Therapeutics, Connect Biopharm, Eli Lilly, Enveda Biosciences, Escient Pharmaceuticals, Fairmount Funds Management, Galderma, Gate Bio, Google Ventures, GSK Immunology, Horizon Therapeutics USA, Incyte, Inmagene, Janssen Biotech, Japan Tobacco, Jasper Therapeutics, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, Merck, Nektar Therapeutics, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, NUMAB Therapeutics, OrbiMed Advisors, OTSUKA Pfizer, Pharmaxis, Pioneering Medicine VII, Proteologix US, RAPT, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Ribon Therapeutics, Sanofi, SATO, Schrödinger, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company (SPARC), Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D and UCB. Y.R.-Y. declares no competing interests.