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Article History

Accepted: 5 November 2025

First Online: 4 December 2025

Competing interests

: J.S. received grants and/or honoraria from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Calypso Biotech, Eli Lilly, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, Sun Pharmaceuticals, and Viela Bio and has a patent on MMP9 inhibitors and uses thereof in the prevention or treatment of a depigmenting disorder and on a 3D model of a depigmenting disorder. N.v.G. received grants, is a consultant and/or is an investigator for AbbVie, Incyte, Merck/MSD, Pfizer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Idorsia and Novartis; she was involved in the development of several measurement instruments for vitiligo. K.E. is a consultant for AbbVie, Incyte, La Roche-Posay, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi and Viela Bio. K.B. has received grants and/or honoraria from Calypso Biotech, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, Silab, Almirall, and AnaptysBio and has a patent on MMP9 inhibitors and uses thereof in the prevention or treatment of a depigmenting disorder and on a 3D model of a depigmenting disorder. T.P. has received grants and/or honoraria from AbbVie, ACM Pharma, Almirall, Amgen, Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Calypso, Celgene, Galderma, Genzyme/Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun Pharmaceuticals, UCB and Vyne Therapeutics, is the cofounder of NIKAIA Pharmaceuticals, and has patents on WNT agonists and GSK3β antagonists for repigmentation of vitiligo and on the use of CXCR3B blockers in vitiligo. J.E.H. has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Aclaris Therapeutics, BiologicsMD, EMD Serono, Genzyme/Sanofi, Janssen, Pfizer, Rheos Medicines, Sun Pharma, TeVido BioDevices, The Expert Institute, Third Rock Ventures and Villaris Therapeutics, has served as an investigator for Aclaris Therapeutics, Celgene, Dermira, EMD Serono, Genzyme/Sanofi, Incyte Corporation, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Rheos Medicines, Stiefel/GlaxoSmithKline, Sun Pharma, TeVido BioDevices and Villaris Therapeutics, holds equity in Aldena Therapeutics, NIRA Biosciences, Rheos Medicines, TeVido BioDevices and Villaris Therapeutics, is a scientific founder of Aldena Therapeutics, NIRA Biosciences and Villaris Therapeutics, and has patents pending for IL-15 blockade for the treatment of vitiligo, JAK inhibition with light therapy for vitiligo, and anti-human CXCR3 antibodies for treatment of vitiligo. I.H. is a consultant to Abbvie, Pfizer, Incyte, UCB, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sonoma, Union therapeutics, Novartis, Jansen, Avita, and Galderma and is investigator for Lenicura, Pfizer, Incyte, Avita and L’Oreal/La Roche-Posay. He is also a board member and past-president of the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation and the Global Vitiligo Foundation. The other authors declare no competing interests.