Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 18 November 2025

First Online: 24 December 2025

Competing interests

: J.E.W. received research support from the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Rural Health, Ac-Immune, IONIS therapeutics, Bristol Meyers Squibb and Ono therapeutics outside the submitted work. M.J.P. received consulting fees from Gilead Sciences, AstraZeneca, BioVie, Apellis Pharmaceuticals and BioNTech, and research support from Aerium Therapeutics and Shionogi, outside the submitted work. R.H. received grant funding from Fresenius Kabi Germany and Austrian Science Fund; and has received payments or honoraria from BD, Integra, Neuroptics and Zoll, not related to the submitted work. N.A.A. is a Long Covid Kids Charity Champion, is a scientific adviser to the Long Covid Support Charity, and has contributed in an advisory capacity to WHO and the EU Commission’s Expert Panel on effective ways of investing in health meetings in relation to post-COVID-19 conditions. E.W.E. has NIH funding for an ongoing clinical trial of immunomodulation in long COVID for which the JAK–STAT medical intervention is donated by Eli Lilly; E.W.E. has no financial relationship with Eli Lilly and has no stocks or paid consultancies with Eli Lilly. C.L.Y. is supported by CNPQ. D.G., S.O., D.D.F., S.R.F., A.I., T.B., A.P. and D.A. declare no competing interests.