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Article History

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 19 March 2026

Competing interests

: M.J.D. has acted as a consultant/adviser and speaker for Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi, has attended advisory boards for AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biomea Fusion, Carmot/Roche, Daewoong Pharmaceutical, Sanofi, Zealand Pharma, Regeneron, GSK and EktaH and as a speaker for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Zuellig Pharma. She has received grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk. S.L. is an advisory board member for Novo Nordisk and AstraZeneca, and has served on the speakers’ bureau of Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Boehringer Ingelheim and AstraZeneca. He has received research funding from Chong Kun Dang and Daewoong Pharma. A.P.-T. performs research and serves as an adviser on behalf of their employer for Abbvie, Corcept, Dexcom, Eli Lilly and Company, Genentech, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Regeneron and Roche; there has been no direct or indirect transfer of funds. D.R.F. has served as an advisor to Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Abbott, Medtronic, AstraZeneca and Embecta, has received research support from Eli Lilly and Company and Novo Nordisk, and has received fees for speaking from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Abbott, Medtronic and Novo Nordisk. T.Y. has received investigator-initiated funding from AstraZeneca, contracted research funding from the Reinsurance Group of America and has acted as a consultant for Regeneron. I.L. received research funding (paid to institution) and/or product from Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Roche, Pfizer and Eli Lilly and Company. I.L. received research-related consulting fees (paid to institution) from Novo Nordisk, advisory/consulting fees and/or other support from Aadvarak Therapeutics, Abbvie, Altimmune, Alveus Therapeutics, Amgen, Antag Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bain Capital, Bayer, Betagenon AB, Bioio, Biomea, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Carmot, Corxel, Cytoki Pharma, Eli Lilly and Company, Genentech, Intercept, Janssen/J&J, Juvena, Keros Therapeutic, Mediflix, Merck, Metsera, Neurocrine, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, Shionogi, Skye Bio, Source Bio, Structure Therapeutics, TERNS Pharma, The Comm Group, Verdiva Bio, WebMD and Zealand Pharma. T.T., R.L., T.S. and J.G. declare no competing interests.