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Article History

Accepted: 27 February 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Competing interests

: F.S. served on the scientific advisory board for Roche on Lyme disease serological diagnostics and on the scientific advisory board for Pfizer on Lyme disease vaccines and served as a research investigator for Pfizer and Roche; he is an unpaid member of the steering committee of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Study Group on Lyme Borreliosis and other tick-borne diseases. K.S. served as a consultant for Roche, bioMérieux and New York State Biodefense Fund for the development of diagnostic assays in Lyme borreliosis; he is a member of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Study Group on Lyme Borreliosis and other tick-borne diseases. A.M. has a patent (USA 8,926,989) issued and is an unpaid scientific adviser to the Global Lyme Alliance and to the American Lyme Disease Foundation. A.J.H. has a research collaboration agreement with Pfizer for seroprevalence studies of Lyme borreliosis in Sweden but does not receive any personal honoraria; she is an unpaid member of the executive committee of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group on Lyme Borreliosis and other tick-borne diseases. R.E. has received travel reimbursement and has received money for lectures for Pfizer. She is a member of the scientific committee of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Study Group on Lyme Borreliosis and other tick-borne diseases, and co-chair of the managing group of infectious diseases in the European Academy of Neurology. J.I.T. is an unpaid board member of the nonprofit American Lyme Disease Foundation. She is a member of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Lyme disease vaccines working group. G.P.W. reports receiving a research grant from Biopeptides, Corp. He has been an expert witness in malpractice cases involving Lyme disease and babesiosis and is an unpaid board member of the nonprofit American Lyme Disease Foundation. J.E.L. and P.S.M. declare no competing interests.