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Article History

Accepted: 13 April 2026

First Online: 14 May 2026

Competing interests

: K.J.R. has acted as a scientific consultant for Bioxcel, Bionomics, Acer, Leal Therapeutics, Seaport and Jazz Pharma; serves on scientific advisory boards for Sage, Boehringer Ingelheim, Senseye and the Brain Research Foundation; has received sponsored research support from Alto Neuroscience; and has received research funding from the NIH, DARPA, DoD and the Wellcome Leap Foundation. B.O.R. has received research grants from Wounded Warrior Project, NIH, Department of Defense, NSF, Bob Woodruff Foundation and MAPS; is a stockholder in Virtually Better; has been paid as a consultant by Otsuka, Psychwire, Senseye, MAPS, Lykos, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, GoodCap, Transcend and Penumbra; serves on the scientific advisory boards for Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) and the National Center for PTSD; serves on the Board of Directors for Gratitude America; and receives royalties from Oxford University Press, APPI and Emory University. Emory Healthcare Veterans Program is supported by a grant from the Wounded Warrior Project. The terms of these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by Emory University in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. K.C.K. has been a paid consultant for Baker Hostetler, Discovery Vitality, the US Department of Justice, the Treehouse Family Foundation, and Covington and Burling; and receives royalties from Guilford Press and Oxford University Press. K.C.K.’s research has been supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Kaiser Family Foundation, the Harvard Center on the Developing Child, the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, the National Institutes of Health, One Mind, Anonymous Philanthropy and Cohen Veterans Bioscience. P.P.S. has received research grant funding from Healing Breakthrough and royalties from Guilford Press. S.S.’s research is supported by the South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders. E.B.B. is co-shareholder of Technolone GmbH. E.B.B.’s research is currently supported by NIMH, the Germany Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the Hope for Depression Research Foundation and the Horizon 2020 programme of the European Union. C.R.M. has served on advisory boards of Receptor Life Sciences, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals and Roche; and receives research support from National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, DoD, Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program, US Army Research Office, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Bridgeman Foundation, Home Depot Foundation, New York City Council, Mother Cabrini Foundation, Foundation for Atlanta Veterans Education and Research, Ananda Scientific and GrayMatters Health. C.M.N.’s research is supported by NIMH and Cohen Veterans Biosciences. R.C.K. is a consultant for Cambridge Health Alliance, Child Mind Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, RallyPoint, Sage Therapeutics, University of Michigan and the University of North Carolina; has stock options in Cerebral, Mirah, PYM (Prepare Your Mind) and Verisense Health; and owns an interest in Menssano. A.M.-C. and A.S. declare no competing interests.