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Article History

Accepted: 17 April 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Competing interests

: S.V. declares research support from the European Union, the Rainwater Foundation, Neuromod and Royal National Institute for Deaf People, and Nederlands Fond voor Wetenschappelijk onderzoek. S.V. has carried out paid consultancy for Neuromod and is an executive member of the Tinnitus Research Initiative (NGO, unpaid). D.D.R. declares research support from the Rainwater Foundation and is chairman of the board of directors of TRI. F.T.H. declares research support from the Rainwater Foundation, Department of Defense, USA, and Royal National Institute of Deafness. F.T.H. is a Scientific Advisor for Hyperacusis (NGO, unpaid), Tinnitus Learning and Health Network (NGO, unpaid) and SoQuiet Misophonia Advocacy (NGO, unpaid). B.L. declares research support from the European Union, the Rainwater Foundation, Neuromod and Sonova. B.L. has carried out paid consultancy for Neuromod, Sea Pharma and Sonova, holds shares of the company Sea Pharma, and has served as a scientific Advisor for consumer protection organizations (paid) and as a court-appointed expert (paid). B.L. is also Chair of the Tinnitus Research Initiative (NGO, unpaid), a scientific Advisor for the Royal National Institute of Deafness (NGO, unpaid) and a scientific Advisor for Tinnitus Quest (NGO, unpaid). T.K. received honoraria for consulting and lecturing activities from Sonova and Schwabe Pharma CH, as well as travel and accommodation expenses from Cochlear. His research was funded by the Tinnitus Research Initiative, the Swiss National Science Foundation, the European Union, the Zurich Hearing Foundation, and Cochlear. J.A.L.-E. received funds from the American Tinnitus Association (grant no. 1329287) and the University of Sydney (Meniere Disease Neuroscience Program). W.S. declares research support from the Rainwater Foundation and is an executive member of the Tinnitus Research Initiative (NGO, unpaid). A.Y.-M. serves as the Director of TRI Academy, the dissemination and communication wing of Tinnitus Research Initiative, is a member of the Tinnitus Detect (TIDE) consortium, and the Founder and Community Lead of Tinnitus Éire, an online community in Ireland for people living with tinnitus. A.Y.-M. is also the co-principal investigator for a grant received from the Royal National Institute for Deaf People. A.B.E. is a member of the Tinnitus Research Initiative (NGO, unpaid). S.G. declares no competing interests.