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Article History

Accepted: 27 August 2024

First Online: 4 October 2024

Competing interests

: N.P. is named on patents describing the use of nucleoside-modified mRNA in lipid nanoparticles as a vaccine platform. He has disclosed those interests fully to the University of Pennsylvania, and he has in place an approved plan for managing any potential conflicts arising from licensing of those patents. N.P. served on the mRNA strategic advisory board of Sanofi Pasteur in 2022 and Pfizer in 2023–2024. N.P. is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of AldexChem and BioNet and has consulted for Vaccine Company Inc. and Pasture Bio. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays, NDV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, influenza virus vaccines and influenza virus therapeutics that list F.K. as co-inventor and some of these patents have been licensed entitling F.K. to royalty payments. Mount Sinai has spun out a company, Kantaro, to market serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 and another company, CastleVax, to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. F.K. is a co-founder and scientific advisory board member of CastleVax. F.K. has consulted for Merck, Curevac, GSK, Seqirus and Pfizer and is currently consulting for 3rd Rock Ventures, Gritstone Bio, Sanofi and Avimex. The Krammer laboratory is collaborating with Dynavax on influenza vaccine development and with Vir Biotechnology on influenza therapeutics development.