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Article History

Accepted: 12 December 2023

First Online: 22 January 2024

Competing interests

: A.G. is a consultant for Abiogen, Ipsen, Pfizer, Recordati and Takeda, and is a recipient of research grants (to his institution) from Pfizer and Takeda. A.R.M. declares receipt of funding in the last 36 months to support vitamin D research from the following companies which manufacture or sell vitamin D supplements: Pharma Nord Ltd, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Thornton & Ross Ltd and Hyphens Pharma Ltd. A.R.M. also declares receipt of vitamin D capsules for clinical trial use from Pharma Nord Ltd, Synergy Biologics Ltd and Cytoplan Ltd; support for attending meetings from Pharma Nord Ltd and Abiogen Pharma Ltd; receipt of consultancy fees from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd and Qiagen Ltd; and receipt of a speaker fee from the Linus Pauling Institute. A.R.M. declares participation on Data and Safety Monitoring Boards for the VITALITY trial (Vitamin D for Adolescents with HIV to Reduce Musculoskeletal Morbidity and Immunopathology, Pan African Clinical Trials Registry ref PACTR20200989766029) and the Trial of Vitamin D and Zinc Supplementation for Improving Treatment Outcomes Among COVID-19 Patients in India (ClinicalTrials.gov ref NCT04641195); and unpaid work as a Programme Committee member for the Vitamin D Workshop. R.S.M. has received speaker fees from Sanofi Australia. M.L.-C., C.J.R. and I.S. declare no competing interests.