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Article History

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 27 April 2026

Competing interests

: S.L. received research grants from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novo Nordisk and LG Chem and honoraria as a consultant or speaker for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Abbott, LG Chem, Daewoong Pharmaceutical, Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical and Novo Nordisk. L.J. received consulting fees from Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi Aventis, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fosun Pharma, Abbott and Innovent Biologics; received speaking fees from Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Bayer, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Abbott, Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals, Sinocare, Sibionics, Innovent Biologics, Merck and MSD; participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Fosun Pharma, AstraZeneca and Innovent Biologics. K.W.T. received speaking fees from DKSH, Eurodrug Laboratories, iNova Pharmaceuticals and Novo Nordisk and participated in scientific advisory boards for DKSH, Novo Nordisk, Abbott Nutrition and Boehringer Ingelheim. A.M. received a research grant from USV Private Limited and AstraZeneca; honoraria for lectures from USV Private Limited, AstraZeneca and Mannkind Pharma; and honoraria for lectures and travel support as a speaker from Eli Lilly, Lupin, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Cipla, AstraZeneca, Glenmark, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. T.K. received research funds from Daiichi Sankyo, Sumitomo Pharma and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim and speaking fees from MSD, Taisho Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Pharma, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Teijin Pharma, Eli Lilly Japan, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk.