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Article History

Accepted: 30 June 2023

First Online: 3 August 2023

Competing interests

: D.Q.H. has served as an advisory board member for Eisai and Gilead and has received funding from the Singapore Ministry of Health’s National Medical Research Council (MOH-000595-01). A.G.S. has served as a consultant or on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Eisai, Exact Sciences, Exelixis, Freenome, FujiFilm Medical Sciences, Genentech, Glycotest and GRAIL. P.L. has served on advisory boards and/or speaker bureaus for Abbvie, Arrowhead, Aligos, Alnylam, Antios, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eiger, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Myr, Roche, Spring Bank and Vir Biotechnology. M.B. has received research support from Gilead and has served as an advisory board member for Abbvie, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen and Spring Bank. C.B.S. has received research grants from the American College of Radiology, Bayer, Foundation of NIH, GE Healthcare, Gilead, Pfizer, Philips and Siemens; has lab service agreements with Enanta, Gilead, ICON, Intercept, Nusirt, Shire, Synageva and Takeda; conducts institutional consulting for Bristol Myers Squibb, Exact Sciences, IBM–Watson and Pfizer; provides personal consulting for Blade, Boehringer, Epigenomics and Guerbet; receives royalties and/or honoraria from Medscape and Wolters Kluwer; owns stock options in Livivos; has an unpaid advisory board position at Quantix Bio; and serves as Chief Medical Officer for Livivos (unsalaried position with stock options) with appointment approved from his university. M.H.N. has received research support from AstraZeneca, B.K. Kee Foundation, CurveBio, Delfi, Enanta, Exact Science, Gilead, Glycotest, Helio Health, Innogen, the National Cancer Institute, Pfizer and Vir. She has served as an advisory board member or consultant to Eli Lilly, Exact Sciences, Exelixis, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline and Intercept. R.L. received funding from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK120515) and serves as a consultant to 89bio, Aardvark Therapeutics, Altimmune, Anylam/Regeneron, Amgen, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myer Squibb, CohBar, Eli Lilly, Galmed, Gilead, Glympse bio, Hightide, Inipharma, Intercept, Inventiva, Ionis, Janssen, Madrigal, Metacrine, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, Sagimet, Theratechnologies, Terns Pharmaceuticals and Viking Therapeutics. In addition, his institutes have received research grants from Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galectin Therapeutics, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, Gilead, Intercept, Hanmi, Intercept, Inventiva, Ionis, Janssen, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Merck, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, Sonic Incytes and Terns Pharmaceuticals. F.K. declares no competing interests.