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Article History

Accepted: 5 January 2024

First Online: 22 February 2024

Competing interests

: K.W. has received research grants related to diet and gut health and disease from government agencies, including the Medical Research Council and National Institute of Health Research, charities, including Crohn’s & Colitis UK, The Helmsley Charitable Trust, Kenneth Rainin Foundation, and commercial funders, including Almond Board of California, Danone, and International Nut and Dried Fruit Council. K.W. has received speaker fees from Danone. K.W. is the holder of a joint patent to use volatile organic compounds as biomarkers in irritable bowel syndrome (PCT/GB2020/051604). A.S.B. is funded through a fellowship from The Helmsley Charitable Trust. J.O.L. has received research grants related to diet and gut health and disease from The Helmsley Charitable Trust. B.C. is supported by a starting grant from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC-2018-StG-804135), a Chaire d’Excellence from IdEx Université de Paris (ANR-18-IDEX-0001), an Innovator Award from the Kenneth Rainin Foundation, an award from the Fondation de l’Avenir (AP-RM-21-032), ANR grants EMULBIONT (ANR-21-CE15-0042-01) and DREAM (ANR-20-PAMR-0002) and the national programme “Microbiote” from INSERM. B.C. reports honorarium and consulting fees from Nestlé, Procter and Gamble, and Qiagen.