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Article History

First Online: 5 March 2025

Competing interests

: N.M.N. has received educational grants and/or speaker fees from AbbVie, BMS, Celltrion, Dr Falk Pharma, Ferring, Galapagos, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Medfyle, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, Takeda and Tillotts Pharma AG, all outside of the submitted work. A.L.H. has received consultancy fees from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Galapagos, Johnson & Johnson, Takeda, Pfizer and Eli Lilly; has received honoraria from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Galapagos, Johnson & Johnson, Takeda, Pfizer and Eli Lilly; and has received support for attending meetings or travel from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Galapagos, Johnson & Johnson, Takeda, Pfizer and Eli Lilly, all outside of the submitted work. J.O.L. reports personal fees from AbbVie, Atlantic Healthcare, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Engytix, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, MSD, Norgine, Pfizer, Shire and Takeda outside the submitted work; and grants from AbbVie, Ferring, Gilead, Takeda and Shire outside the submitted work. N.A.K. reports personal fees from Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Falk, Galapagos, Janssen, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, Takeda and Tillotts Pharma outside the submitted work; and reports data monitoring board membership for the BEACON study outside the submitted work. V.J. reports personal fees from AbbVie, Alimentiv (formerly Robarts Clinical Trials), Arena Pharmaceuticals, Asahi Kasei Pharma, Asieris, AstraZeneca, Avoro Capital, BMS, Celltrion, Endpoint Health, Enthera, Ferring, Flagship Pioneering, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Gilde Healthcare, GSK, Genentech, Gilead, Innomar, JAMP, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Merck, Metacrine, Mylan, Pandion, Pendopharm, Pfizer, Protagonist, Prometheus, Reistone Biopharma, Roche, Roivant, Sandoz, SCOPE, Second Genome, Sorriso Pharmaceuticals, Takeda, Teva, Topivert, Ventyx and Vividion outside the submitted work; and fees from advisory board membership of AbbVie, Alimentiv (formerly Robarts Clinical Trials), Arena Pharmaceuticals, Asahi Kasei Pharma, Asieris, AstraZeneca, BMS, Celltrion, Ferring, Flagship Pioneering, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Gilde Healthcare, GSK, Genentech, Gilead, Innomar, JAMP, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Merck, Metacran, Mylan, Pandion, Pendopharm, Pfizer, Protagonist, Prometheus, Reistone Biopharma, Roche, Sandoz, SCOPE, Second Genome, Sorriso Pharmaceuticals, Takeda, Teva, Topivert, Ventyx and Vividion, all outside the submitted work. G.W.M. declares consultancy fees/grant funding from AbbVie, AstraZeneca and Janssen, all outside the submitted work. The other authors declare no competing interests.