Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 13 March 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Competing interests

: C.K. has served on the Novo Nordisk Asynchronous Virtual Advisory Board - Adolescent Obesity Management, outside the submitted work. V.W.-S.W. has received consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Echosens, Eli Lilly, Gilead Sciences, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and TARGET PharmaSolutions; lecture fees from Abbott, AbbVie, Echosens and Gilead Sciences; and grant funding from Gilead Sciences; and he is a co-founder of Illumination Medical Technology, all outside the submitted work. L.C. has received consulting fees from Boston Pharmaceutical, Echosens, Gilead, GSK, Madrigal, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sagimet and Siemens Healthineers; lecture fees from Echosens, Gilead, Inventiva, Madrigal and Novo Nordisk, all outside the submitted work. M.M. has received grant funding from the Soy Nutrition Institute, outside the submitted work. J.B.S. has received grant support from the University of California, San Diego, from Seraphina Therapeutics and from Thiogenesis Therapeutics, outside the submitted work. Z.M.Y. has received research funding fro and/or served as a consultant to Intercept, Cymabay, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ipsen, BMS, GSK, Novo Nordisk, Siemens, Madridgal, Merck and Abbott, outside the submitted work. S.Z.-S., D.I.-W., A.A.W., J.B.M., K.H., J.M.P. and L.H.G. declare no competing interests.