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Article History

First Online: 8 April 2026

Competing interests

: S.H. served as a speaker and/or consultant and/or has received travel grants from Pfizer, Janssen/J&J, AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Galapagos/Alfasigma, Takeda, Ferring, Pharmacosmos and Banook Group. V.J. reports consulting fees and participation on advisory boards for AbbVie, Alimentiv, Altrubio, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Asahi Kasei Pharma, Asieris, AstraZeneca, BiomeBank, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Calluna Pharma, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Endpoint Health, Ensho Therapeutics, Enthera, Exeliom Biosciences, Ferring, Flagship Pioneering, Fresenius Kabi, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Gilead, Janssen, Merck, MRM Health, Nxera Therapeutics, Pandion, Pendopharm, Pfizer, Protagonist, Reistone Biopharma, Roche, Roivant, Sandoz, Sanofi, Second Genome, Sorriso, Spyre Therapeutics, Takeda, Teva, Tillotts, Ventyx and Vividion; and speaker fees from AbbVie, Ferring, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galapagos, Janssen, Pfizer, Takeda, Tillotts and Fresenius Kabi. F.M. served as a speaker and/or a consultant for AbbVie, Arena, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Falk, Ferring, Hospira, Janssen, Laboratórios Vitoria, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sandoz, Takeda, UCB and Vifor. S.D. reports consulting fees from AbbVie, Alimentiv, Allergan, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Athos Therapeutics, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Dr Falk Pharma, Eli Lilly, Enthera, Ferring, Gilead, Hospira, Inotrem, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Morphic, MSD, Mundipharma, Mylan, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Sublimity Therapeutics, Takeda, Teladoc Health, TiGenix, UCB, Vial and Vifor, and lecture fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Ferring, Gilead, Janssen, Mylan, Pfizer and Takeda. L.P.-B. reports consulting fees from AbbVie, Abivax, Adacyte, Alimentiv, Alfasigma, Amgen, Apini, Applied Molecular Transport, Arena, Banook, BMS, Celltrion, Cytoki Pharma, Enthera, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Genentech, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, IAG Image Analysis, Index Pharmaceuticals, Inotrem, Iterative Health, Janssen, Eli Lilly, LifeMine, Medac, Mopac, Morphic, MSD, Nordic Pharma, Novartis, Oncodesign, Precision Medicine, ONO Pharma, OSE Immunotherapeutics, Par’Immune, Pfizer, Prometheus, Roche, Roivant, Samsung, Sandoz, Sanofi, Sorriso, Spyre, Takeda, Teva, ThirtyFiveBio, Tillots, Vectivbio, Vedanta and Ventyx, and lecture fees from AbbVie, Alfasigma, Amgen, Arena, Biogen, Celltrion, Ferring, Galapagos, Genentech, Gilead, Iterative Health, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Medac, MSD, Nordic Pharma, Pfizer, Sandoz, Takeda and Tillots.