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Article History

First Online: 9 September 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: B.B. has served as a speaker for AbbVie, Alfasigma, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Giuliani, Johnson & Johnson, Pharmaextracta, Pfizer and Takeda; and has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Eli Lilly and Johnson & Johnson. S.S. holds research grants from Takeda, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, AbbVie and Tillotts Pharma; has received consulting fees from Takeda, AbbVie, Merck, Ferring, Pharmacosmos, Warner Chilcott, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Dr Falk Pharma, Biohit, TriGenix, Celgene and Tillotts Pharma; and payment or honoraria from AbbVie, Takeda, Celltrion, Pfizer, Biogen, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Merck, Warner Chilcott and Dr Falk Pharma. B.G. has served as a speaker for AbbVie, Johnson & Johnson, Takeda, Roche, Gilead, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Dr Falk Pharma, MD Education and Galapagos; and as an advisor for Roche, Johnson & Johnson, Gilead, AbbVie, MSD, Galapagos and Takeda. A.A. has received consulting or advisory board fees from AbbVie, Abivax, Alfasigma, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Enthera, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, Giuliani, Janssen, Lionhealth, Merck, Nestlé, Pfizer, Protagonist Therapeutics, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, Sandoz, Takeda, Teva Pharmaceuticals and Tillotts Pharma; and speaker’s fees from AbbVie, Abivax, AG Pharma, Alfasigma, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Lionhealth, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sandoz, Sanofi, Takeda and Teva Pharmaceuticals. F.M. has served as a speaker and received honoraria from Merck Sharp & Dohme, AbbVie, Vifor, Falk, Laboratorios Vitoria, Ferring, Hospira and Biogen. V.J. has received consulting and/or advisory board fees from AbbVie, Alimentiv, Anaptyis Bio, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Asahi Kasei Pharma, Asieris, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Endpoint Health, Enthera, Ensho, Ferring, Flagship Pioneering, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Gilead, Innomar, JAMP, Janssen, Merck, Metacrine, Mylan, MRM Health, Pandion, Pendopharm, Pfizer, Protagonist, Prometheus Biosciences, Reistone Biopharma, Roche, Roivant, Sandoz, Second Genome, Sorriso, Spyre, Synedgen, Takeda, Teva, Ventyx, and Vividion; and speaker fees from AbbVie, Ferring, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kabi, Janssen, Pfizer, Shire, Takeda, and Tillotts. E.V.S. has served as speaker for Abbvie, Aboca, Abivax, Agave, AGPharma, Alfasigma, Apoteca, Biosline, CaDiGroup, Celltrion, Dr Falk Pharma, EG Stada Group, Eli Lilly, Fenix Pharma, Galapagos, Giuliani, Johnson & Johnson, JB Pharmaceuticals, Innovamedica/Adacyte, Lionhealth, Malesci, Mayoly Biohealth, Montefarco, Novartis, Omega Pharma, Pfizer, Rafa, Reckitt Benckiser, Recordati, Sandoz, Sanofi/Regeneron, SILA, Takeda, Tillots and Unifarco; has served as consultant for Abbvie, Alfasigma, Apogee, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Dr Falk Pharma, Eli Lilly, Fenix Pharma, Ferring, Giuliani, Grunenthal, Johnson & Johnson, JB Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Nestlè, Pfizer, PRO.MED.CS, Reckitt Benckiser, Recordati, Sanofi/Regeneron, SILA, Takeda and Unifarco; and has received research support from Bonollo, Difass, Pfizer, Reckitt Benckiser, Sanofi/Regeneron, SILA, Unifarco and Zeta Farmaceutici. A.C.F. declares no competing interests.