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Article History

Accepted: 5 February 2025

First Online: 10 March 2025

Competing interests

: C.S. acknowledges grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Roche-Ventana, Invitae (previously Archer Dx Inc. — collaboration in minimal residual disease sequencing technologies), Ono Pharmaceutical, and Personalis. He is Chief Investigator for the AstraZeneca MeRmaiD 1 and 2 clinical trials and is the Steering Committee Chair. He is also Co-Chief Investigator of the NHS Galleri trial funded by GRAIL and a paid member of GRAIL’s Scientific Advisory Board (SAB). He receives consultant fees from Achilles Therapeutics (also a SAB member), Bicycle Therapeutics (also a SAB member), Genentech, Medicxi, China Innovation Centre of Roche (CICoR; formerly Roche Innovation Centre, Shanghai), Metabomed (until July 2022), Relay Therapeutics SAB member, Saga Diagnostics SAB member and the Sarah Cannon Research Institute. C.S. has received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Illumina, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer and Roche-Ventana. C.S. has previously held stock options in Apogen Biotechnologies and GRAIL, and currently has stock options in Epic Bioscience, Bicycle Therapeutics, Relay Therapeutics, and has stock options and is co-founder of Achilles Therapeutics. C.S. declares a patent application for methods to detect lung cancer (PCT/US2017/028013); targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/059401); identifying patient response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/EP2016/071471); methods for lung cancer detection (US20190106751A1); identifying patients who respond to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912); determining HLA loss of heterozygosity (PCT/GB2018/052004); predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221); and methods and systems for tumour monitoring (PCT/EP2022/077987). C.S. is an inventor on a European patent application (PCT/GB2017/053289) relating to assay technology to detect tumour recurrence. This patent has been licensed to a commercial entity and under their terms of employment C.S. is due a revenue share of any revenue generated from such license(s). N.M. has stock options in and has consulted for Achilles Therapeutics and holds a European patent in determining HLA loss of heterozygosity (PCT/GB2018/052004), a patent pending in determining HLA disruption (PCT/EP2023/059039), and is a co-inventor on a patent to identify responders to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912). M.M.L. declares no competing interests.