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Authors
Griffiths, Jessica A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5586-1567
Nirmalkar, Khemlal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6732-9175
Wu, Wei-Li https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2610-1881
Krajmalnik-Brown, Rosa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6064-3524
Mazmanian, Sarkis K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2713-1513
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Article History
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Competing interests
: S.K.M. is co-founder of Axial Therapeutics and Nuanced Health, and has equity in Seed Health, Time BioVentures and Intrinsic Medicine. K.N. and R.K.-B. have pending/approved patents for Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS) biomarkers and the use of Microbiota Transplant Therapy for various conditions, including PTHS and autism. R.K.-B is a co-founder of Autism Diagnostics LLC and Gut–Brain Axis Therapeutics. There are no conflicts with the current work. The other authors declare no competing interests.
