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Article History

Accepted: 18 May 2022

First Online: 13 June 2022

Competing interests

: J.O. holds the Waugh Family Chair in MS Research and has received research funding from the Barford/Love MS Fund of St. Michael’s Hospital, Biogen-Idec, Brain Canada, EMD-Serono, the MS Society of Canada, the National MS Society, the National Institutes of Health, and Roche. She has received compensation for consulting or speaking from Biogen-Idec, BMS, EMD-Serono, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi-Genzyme. A.B.-O. holds the Melissa and Paul Anderson Chair. He has received research funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada, the Multiple Sclerosis Scientific Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and the National MS Society. He has participated as a speaker in meetings sponsored by and received consulting fees from Accure, Atara Biotherapeutics, Biogen, BMS/Celgene/Receptos, GlaxoSmithKline, Gossamer, Janssen/Actelion, Medimmune, Merck/EMD Serono, Novartis, Roche/Genentech and Sanofi-Genzyme. He has received grant support to the University of Pennsylvania from Biogen Idec, Merck/EMD Serono, Novartis and Roche/Genentech.