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Article History

Accepted: 16 May 2024

First Online: 12 June 2024

Competing interests

: S.E.S. has analysed plasma biomarker data provided to Washington University by C2N Diagnostics; no personal or research funding was provided by C2N Diagnostics to S.E.S. S.E.S. has consulted or served on scientific advisory boards for Eisai and has an unpaid position on the Board of the Greater Missouri Alzheimer’s Association. S.E.S. and her laboratory are funded by the NIH (R01 AG070941). A.C.P. and her laboratory are funded by the Alzheimer’s Association; the Carolyn and Eugene Mercy Research Gift; the Karen Strauss Cook Research Scholar Award; the NIH (R01 AG063819 and R01 AG064020) and the Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation. A.C.P. also serves on the scientific advisory board of Sinaptica Therapeutics and has served as a consultant to Eisai. G.D.R. receives research funding from Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, GE Healthcare, Genentech and Life Molecular Imaging and has served as a consultant for Alector, Eli Lilly, Genentech, GE Healthcare, Johnson & Johnson, Merck and Roche. S.S. has provided consultation to AbbVie, Acumen, Alector, Biogen, Bolden, Corium, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Genentech, Kisbee, Labcorp, Novo Nordisk, Prothena and Roche. S.S. is also a member of the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Therapeutics Work Group and is an author of the Appropriate Use Recommendations for lecanemab and aducanumab. M.S.-C. has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Almirall, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diagnostics and Roche Farma; has received consultancy fees (paid to his institution) from Roche Diagnostics; served on advisory boards for Grifols and Roche Diagnostics; was granted a project (funded to the institution) by Roche Diagnostics; received in-kind support for research (to the institution) from ADx Neurosciences, Alamar Biosciences, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Janssen Research & Development and Roche Diagnostics. M.S.-C. receives funding from the European Research Council under the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 948677); ERA PerMed (ERAPERMED2021-184); Project ‘PI19/00155’ and ‘PI22/00456’ funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and co-funded by the European Union; a fellowship from ‘la Caixa’ Foundation (ID 100010434) and the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 847648 (LCF/BQ/PR21/11840004). A.S.K. has received payments through organizational affiliations for grants, contracts, consulting fees, honoraria, meeting support, travel support, in-kind research and professional support over the past 36 months from the Acadia Pharmaceuticals, the Alzheimer’s Association, Alzheon, Biogen, Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease Conference, Davos Alzheimer’s Consortium, Digicare Realized, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Embic, High Lantern Group, International Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Relz and Serdi Publishing. M.M.M. has consulted or served on advisory boards for Biogen, Eisai, Eli Lilly, LabCorp, Merck, Roche, Siemens Healthineers and Sunbird Bio and receives grant support from the National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense and the Alzheimer’s Association. R.B. is an employee of Eisai. S.B. is an employee and stockholder at Hoffman-La Roche. D.H. is the Chief Operating Officer of the Davos Alzheimer’s Collaborative and is the former Executive Director of the Global CEO Initiative on Alzheimer’s Disease. D.R.J. is an employee of Eisai. J.F.M. is a stockholder in Eli Lilly and is a scientific consultant for the Davos Alzheimer’s Collaborative — System Preparedness. K.A.P. is a paid consultant for the Global CEO Initiative on Alzheimer’s Disease. E.S. is a paid consultant for the Global CEO Initiative on Alzheimer’s Disease. G.V. is the Founding Chairman of the Board for the Davos Alzheimer’s Collaborative and is Chairman and Co-Founder of UsAgainstAlzheimer’s. A.A.-S. has served on advisory boards for Fujirebio Diagnostics, Roche Diagnostics and Siemens Healthineers and has received honorarium for speaking engagements with Roche Diagnostics. J.A. is an employee and stockholder of Prothena Biosciences. J.B.B. is an employee and shareholder of C₂N Diagnostics. J.H. is an employee of Eli Lilly. Y.H.H. is an employee of Eisai. S.M. has received consulting and/or speaker fees from Biogen, C2N, Eisai, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Roche/Genentech. S.M. is supported by grant R01 AG083189-09 from the NIH as well as research contracts to the University of Southern California from Biogen, C2N, Eisai, Eli Lilly and Roche/Genentech. S.M. also serves on the board of directors of Senscio Systems and on the scientific advisory boards of AiBure Technologies, ALZPath and Boston Millennia Partners. M.M. is an employee and shareholder of C₂N Diagnostics. E. Somers is an employee of Eisai. C.E.T. is a contract researcher for ADx Neurosciences, AC-Immune, Aribio, Axon Neurosciences, Beckman-Coulter, BioConnect, Bioorchestra, Brainstorm Therapeutics, Celgene, Cognition Therapeutics, EIP Pharma, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Grifols, Instant Nano Biosensors, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Olink, PeopleBio, Quanterix, Roche, Siemens, Toyama and Vivoryon and has received payment or honoraria from Grifols, Novo Nordisk and Roche for consulting services in which all payments were made to her institution. C.E.T. has grants or contracts for research from the Alzheimer Association, Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation, Alzheimer Netherlands, the Dutch Research Council (ZonMw; including TAP-dementia, a ZonMw funded project (no. 10510032120003) in the context of the Dutch National Dementia Strategy), the European Commission (Marie Curie International Training Network, grant agreement no. 860197 (MIRIADE)), Health Holland, Innovative Medicines Initiatives 3TR (Horizon 2020, grant no. 831434), European Platform for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IMI 2 Joint Undertaking (JU), grant no. 101034344) and Joint Programme Neurodegenerative Disease (blood proteins for early discrimination of dementias), National MS Society (Progressive MS alliance) and The Selfridges Group Foundation. E. Shobin is a paid employee and shareholder of Biogen. H.V. is an employee and shareholder of Biomarkable. M.W.W. has served on advisory boards for Acumen Pharmaceutical, Alzheon, Cerecin, Merck Sharp & Dohme and the North Carolina Registry for Brain Health. M.W.W. has provided consulting to Boxer Capital, Cerecin, Clario, Dementia Society of Japan, Dolby Family Ventures, Eisai, Guidepoint, Health and Wellness Partners, Indiana University, LCN Consulting, MEDACorp, Merck Sharp & Dohme, the North Carolina Registry for Brain Health, Prova Education, T3D Therapeutics, the University of Southern California and WebMD. M.W.W. holds stock options with Alzeca, Alzheon, ALZPath and Anven. M.W.W. also serves on the University of Southern California Alzheimer’s Clinical Trials Consortium grant, which receives funding from Eisai, and has received support for research from the following funding sources: Alzheimer’s Association, Australian Catholic University (HBI-BHR), Biogen, California Department of Public Health, Department of Defense, GE Healthcare, Hillblom Foundation, Johnson & Johnson, Kevin and Connie Shanahan, NIH/NINDS/National Institute on Aging, Siemens, The Stroke Foundation, University of Michigan, the Veterans Administration and Vanderbilt University Medical Center. D.W. is an employee and shareholder of Quanterix. O.H. has acquired research support (for his institution) from ADx, AVID Radiopharmaceuticals, Biogen, Eli Lilly, Eisai, Fujirebio, GE Healthcare, Pfizer and Roche. In the past 2 years, O.H. has received consultancy and/or speaker fees from AC Immune, Amylyx, Alzpath, BioArctic, Biogen, Bristol Meyer Squibb, Cerveau, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi and Siemens. D.G., C.U.-M., J.W., J.R.D., D.Y. and D.R. declare no competing interests.

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