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: R.G. has received support for scientific meetings and courses from Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis and Janssen and honoraria for advisory work or talks from Biogen, Novartis, UCB and MIAC. G.A. has received compensation for consulting services, speaking honoraria or participation in advisory boards from Roche and Horizon Therapeutics; and travel support for scientific meetings from Novartis, Roche, Horizon Therapeutics, ECTRIMS and EAN. She serves as an editor for Europe for Multiple Sclerosis Journal — Experimental, Translational and Clinical and as a member of the editorial and scientific committee of Acta Neurológica Colombiana. She is a member of the International Women in Multiple Sclerosis (iWiMS) network executive committee, the European Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis (BioMS-eu) steering committee and the MOGAD Eugene Devic European Network (MEDEN) steering group. B.B. has received or will potentially receive financial compensation for consultancy for Novartis, Roche, UCB, Horizon Therapeutics, Biogen and Immunic Therapeutics for advice on clinical trial design. B.B. is funded by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and NIH and was previously funded by the Canadian Multiple Sclerosis Society. A.R. serves or has served on scientific advisory boards for Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Synthetic MR, TensorMedical, Roche and Biogen and has received speaker honoraria from Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Novartis, Roche, Bristol-Myers and Biogen, is Chief Marketing Officer and co-founder of TensorMedical and receives research support from Fondo de Investigación en Salud (PI19/00950 and PI22/01589) from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain. R.C. has received speaker honoraria and/or travel support from Roche, Merck, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Janssen and UCB. H.L. has received honoraria from Novartis, Sanofi, Genzyme, BMS and UCB Biopharma for lectures, unrelated to the topic of this manuscript. S.M. has received travel grants from Roche, Merck and Sanofi and has received speaking honoraria from UCB. M.A.R. has received consulting fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen and Roche and speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bromatech, Celgene, Genzyme, Horizon Therapeutics Italy, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and Teva. She receives research support from the MS Society of Canada, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. She is Associate Editor for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. P.W. has received research grants from Euroimmun, CSL Behring and patent royalties for antibody testing (W02010046716A1). He is the Co-Director of the Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Diagnostic Laboratory (Oxford University, Oxford, UK) where MOG-IgG1 autoantibodies are tested, and both he and the University of Oxford receive royalties for antibody tests for LGI1 and CASPR2 (W02010046716A1). He has received honoraria or consulting fees from Biogen Idec, F Hoffmann La-Roche, Mereo BioPharma, Retrogenix, UBC, Euroimmun, University of British Columbia and Alexion; and travel grants from the Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation. Work in the Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Diagnostic Laboratory is supported by the UK National Health Service Commissioning service for NMOSD. D.C. is a consultant for Hoffmann-La Roche. In the past 3 years, he has been a consultant for Biogen and has received research funding from Hoffmann-La Roche, the International Progressive MS Alliance, the MS Society, the Medical Research Council and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and a speaker’s honorarium from Novartis. He co-supervises a clinical fellowship at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, which is supported by Merck. C.G. reports personal fees from Biogen, Merck Serono, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Genzyme, Almirall, Novartis, Roche and Bayer, outside the submitted work. R.M. undertook graduate studies funded by the Rhodes Trust and the Oppenheimer Memorial Trust. F.P. has received honoraria and research support from Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Chugai, Merck Serono, Novartis, Genyzme, MedImmune, Shire and Teva Pharmaceuticals and serves on scientific advisory boards for Alexion, MedImmune, Novartis and UCB. He has received funding from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Exc 257), Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis), Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation, EU Framework Program 7 and National Multiple Sclerosis Society of the USA. He serves on the steering committee of the N-Momentum study of inebilizumab (Horizon Therapeutics) and the OCTiMS Study (Novartis). He is an associate editor for Neurology, Neuroimmunology, and Neuroinflammation and academic editor with PLoS ONE. G.C.D. has received support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Oxford; and research funding from the Oxford BRC, MRC(UK), UK MS Society, National Health and Medical Research (Australia), Department of Defense (USA), European Charcot Foundation, American Academy of Neurology (AAN), Merck-Serono and Oxford-Quinnipiac Partnership. G.C.D. has also received travel expenses from Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, the MS Academy and AAN and honoraria as an invited speaker or faculty for Novartis, Roche, the MS Academy and AAN. C.E. reports personal fees from Biogen, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Shire, Genzyme, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Celgene and Roche, outside the submitted work. L.K. received no personal compensation. His institutions (University Hospital Basel/Stiftung Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel) have received and used exclusively for research support payments for steering committee and advisory board participation, consultancy services and participation in educational activities from Bayer, BMS, Celgene, Dörries-Frank Molnia & Pohlmann, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Genentech, Glaxo Smith Kline, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Japan Tobacco, Merck, MH Consulting, Minoryx, Novartis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Senda Biosciences, Sanofi, Santhera, Shionogi, TG Therapeutics and Wellmera; licence fees for Neurostatus-UHB products; and grants from Novartis, Innosuisse and Roche. M.I.L. is funded by the NHS (Myasthenia and Related Disorders Service and National Specialized Commissioning Group for Neuromyelitis Optica, UK) and by the University of Oxford, UK. She has been awarded research grants from the UK Association for Patients with Myasthenia (Myaware), Muscular Dystrophy Campaign (MDUK) and the University of Oxford. She has received speaker honoraria and travel grants from UCB Pharma and Horizon Therapeutics and consultancy fees from UCB Pharma. She serves on scientific or educational advisory boards for UCB Pharma, Argenx and Horizon Therapeutics and on the Steering Committee for Horizon Therapeutics. J.S.-G. reports grants and personal fees from Sanofi Genzyme and personal fees from Almirall, Biogen, Celgene, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche and Teva Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work, and is a member of the Editorial Committee of Multiple Sclerosis Journal and Director of the Scientific Committee of Revista de Neurologia. T.Y. reports personal fees from Biogen, Novartis, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals and Hikma, outside the submitted work, and has received research support from Biogen, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis and Schering. O.C. is an NIHR Research Professor (RP-2017-08-ST2-004); over the past 2 years, she has been a member of an independent data and safety monitoring board for Novartis; she gave a teaching talk in a Merck local symposium and contributed to an Advisory Board for Biogen; she is Deputy Editor of Neurology, for which she receives an honorarium; she has received research grant support from the MS Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, the Rosetree Trust, the National MS Society and the NIHR-HTA. M.F. is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences and Radiology; received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda and TEVA; participation in advisory boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme and Takeda; and scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis and Sanofi-Genzyme. He receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. F.B. is supported by the NIHR biomedical research centre at University College London Hospitals. F.B. is part of the steering committee or a data safety monitoring board member for Biogen, Merck, ATRI/ACTC and Prothena, is a consultant for Roche, Celltrion, Rewind Therapeutics, Merck, IXICO, Jansen and Combinostics, has research agreements with Merck, Biogen, GE Healthcare and Roche and is a co-founder and shareholder of Queen Square Analytics. J.P. has received support for scientific meetings and honoraria for advisory work from Merck Serono, Novartis, Chugai, Alexion, Roche, Medimmune, Argenx, Vitaccess, UCB, Mitsubishi, Amplo and Janssen, and grants from Alexion, Argenx, Clene, Roche, Medimmune and Amplo Biotechnology. She holds patent ref. P37347WO, a licence agreement with Numares multimarker MS diagnostics and shares in AstraZeneca. Her group has been awarded an ECTRIMS fellowship and a Sumaira Foundation grant to start later this year. A Charcot fellow worked in Oxford 2019–2021. She acknowledges partial funding to the Oxford University Hospitals Trust by Highly Specialized Services NHS England. She is on the medical advisory boards of the Sumaira Foundation and MOG project charities, is a member of the Guthy Jackon Foundation Charity and is on the Board of the European Charcot Foundation, the steering committee of MAGNIMS and the UK NHSE IVIG Committee. She is Chair of the NHSE neuroimmunology patient pathway and has been an ECTRIMS Council member on the educational committee since June 2023. She is also on the Association of British Neurologists advisory groups for MS and neuroinflammation and neuromuscular diseases. Y.H. declares no competing interests.

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