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Article History

Accepted: 9 September 2024

First Online: 7 October 2024

Competing interests

: L.V.K. has received research support from Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Cure Parkinson’s, Krembil Foundation, Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research (MJFF), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and Parkinson Canada; consultancy fees from Cure Ventures, Ipsen, Knight Therapeutics, Right Brain Bio, and UCB; and honoraria from Canadian Movement Disorders Society, Critical Path for Parkinson’s, International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, and IOS Press. A.B.-O. has received personal fees for advisory board participation and/or consulting from Abata, Accure, Atara Biotherapeutics, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS)/Celgene/Receptos, GlaxoSmithKline, Gossamer, Horizon Therapeutics, Immunic, Janssen/Actelion, Medimmune, Merck/EMD Serono, Novartis, Roche/Genentech, Sangamo, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Viracta; and institutional grant support from Biogen Idec, Roche/Genentech, Merck/EMD Serono, and Novartis. R.B. has received research support from Biogen, Eli Lilly, and Roche Genentech, and consulting fees from EMD Serono, Novartis, TG Therapeutics, and Horizon, Jansen. S.F. has received consultancy or speaker fees from Abbvie, Bial, Ipsen, and Lundbeck. U.J.K. holds stock options as a Scientific Advisory Board member for Amprion and has received consultancy fees as a Scientific Advisory Board member for NurrOn and as a member of the data monitoring committee for UCB. E.C.K. has received research funding from Abbvie, Biogen, and Genentech and consulting fees from Banner Life Sciences, EMO Serano, Galen/Atlantica, Greenwich Biosciences, INmune Bio, Myrobalan Therapeutics, OM 1, and TG Therapeutics. M.K. has received travel support and honoraria for advisory boards from Biogen, Roche, Novartis, and EMD Serono. S.K. has received institutional grant support from Biogen, Roche, and Sanofi-Genzyme. A.E.L. has acted as an adviser for AbbVie, Alector, Amylyx, Aprinoia, Biogen, BioAdvance, BlueRock, Biovie, BMS, Denali, Janssen, Jazz, Lilly, Novartis, Paladin, Pharma 2B, PsychoGenetics, Retrophin, Roche, Sun Pharma, and UCB; has received honoraria from Sun Pharma, AbbVie, and Sunovion; has received grants from Brain Canada, CIHR, Edmond J Safra Philanthropic Foundation, MJFF, Ontario Brain Institute, Parkinson Foundation, Parkinson Canada, and W. Garfield Weston Foundation; has acted as an expert witness in litigation related to paraquat and Parkinson disease; and has received publishing royalties from Elsevier, Saunders, Wiley-Blackwell, Johns Hopkins Press, and Cambridge University Press. M.J.M. has received travel support and honoraria for advisory boards from Ipsen, Merz, and Abbvie. D.O. has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Race to Erase MS Foundation, Genentech, Genzyme, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Novartis and consulting fees from Biogen Idec, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech/Roche, Novartis, Pipeline Therapeutics, and Merck. R.S. has received grants from MS Society of Canada and J.P. Bickell Foundation; consulting fees from Novartis; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker’s bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Biogen Idec, Sanofi-Genzyme, EMD Serono, and Roche; has served on advisory boards for Novartis; and has received support to attend a scientific meeting from EMD Serono. J.O. has received personal compensation for consulting from Biogen Idec, BMS, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi-Genzyme, and institutional grant support from Biogen Idec and Roche. A.A., N.A., D.G.D.L., E.A.F., K.K.L., Z.G.-O., J.L.G., M.R.L., P.A.M., T.A.M., V.E.M., M.W.C.R., M.G.S. and A.J.S. declare no competing interests.