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Article History

Accepted: 11 December 2024

First Online: 15 January 2025

Competing interests

: P.A.M. has received fees from consulting for Cellerys, Jasper Therapeutics and Magenta Therapeutics, all outside the submitted work. A.M. has received speaking honoraria from Biogen, Janssen, Novartis, Sanofi and Viatris, all outside the submitted work. R.G. has received speaker honoraria from Biotest, Magenta, Medac and Pfizer, all outside the submitted work. E.I. has received speaker fees and honoraria for advisory boards from Biogen, Merck and Sanofi-Genzyme, and an unrestricted research grant from Sanofi-Genzyme. M.I. is co-Editor of Multiple Sclerosis Journal and she has received honoraria for participating in educational activities or advisory boards for Biogen, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi. T.A. has received honoraria and/or travel grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, GSK and Neovii, and study support from Amgen, Janssen-Cilag and Miltenyi. M.P.A. has served on scientific advisory boards for Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme and Teva; has received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme and Teva; has received research grants for her Institution from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi-Genzyme. She is co-Editor of Multiple Sclerosis Journal and Associate Editor of Frontiers in Neurology. G.B. was supported by a research fellowship FISM – Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla 019/BR/016, and financed or co-financed with the ‘5 per mille’ public funding. O.C. has received personal compensation for consulting for Biogen, Merck and Novartis, and she serves as deputy Editor of Neurology. J.A.C. has received personal compensation for consulting for Astoria, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Convelo, EMD Serono, FiND Therapeutics, INMune, and Sandoz, and serves as an Editor of Multiple Sclerosis Journal. T.D. has received speaker fees, research support, travel support, and/or served on advisory boards or steering committees of Alexion, Biogen, Celgene, GeNeuro, MedDay, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi-Genzyme; he has received research support from Swiss National Research Foundation, University of Basel, and the Swiss MS Society. M.G. has received educational support from Novartis and has an advisory board role for Merck. C.H. has received funding support, speaker honoraria and travel grants from Merck, Novartis and Roche. R.M. has received unrestricted grants from Biogen, Novartis, Roche and Third Rock; has advisory roles and has given lectures for Biogen, CellProtect, Genzyme, Neuway, Novartis, Roche, Swiss Rockets and Third Rock; is a patent holder and co-holder on patents for daclizumab in MS, JCV VP1 for vaccination against PML, JCV-specific neutralizing antibodies to treat PML, and antigen-specific tolerization with peptide-coupled cells and novel autoantigens in MS; is a co-founder of Abata, Cambridge, MA, USA (adoptive Treg therapy); and is a co-founder and employee of Cellerys. L.M. has received compensation for speaking activities and/or consulting services from Alexion, Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi. M.T. has received compensation for consulting services, speaking honoraria and research support from Almirall, Bayer Schering Pharma, Biogen-Idec, Genzyme, Immunic Therapeutics, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva and Viela Bio; is on data safety monitoring boards for Parexel and UCB Biopharma; and is on the Relapse Adjudication Committee for Imcyse. B. Stankoff has received research support (to the institution) from Merck, Novartis and Roche, and personal speaker fees from Biogen, Janssen, Merck, Novartis and Sanofi. The other authors declare no competing interests.

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