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Article History

Accepted: 28 May 2025

First Online: 2 July 2025

Competing interests

: H.W. has stock ownership in Regatta Bio and has pending patent applications related to cellular therapies. C.L.B. has awarded and pending patent applications describing the use of engineered cells as therapeutics and has received research support from Merck, Sharp and Dohme, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Kiadis Pharma. J.C.C. is a consultant at Sana Biotechnology and Synthekine and is a Paediatric SLE Advisory Board Member for Bristol-Myers Squibb. H.K. is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases (NIAMS) (AR041215), is a juvenile myositis expert panel member for Cabaletta Bio and is part of NIAMS CRADA with provision of a drug (deucravacitinib) with Bristol-Myers Squibb, and previously part of NIAMS CRADA, with study support and the drug (baricitinib) with Eli Lilly and Company. L.L is supported by ZIA AR04121404. M.K. receives author royalties from Wolter-Kluwer (UpToDate) and is a consultant for Chiesi Pharmaceuticals and M3 Global Research. R.A.C. is supported by ZIAAR041184. C.E. is a site PI of the Cabaletta Bio-sponsored RESET-SLE CAR T cell trial for SLE. S.W.J. is a consultant for Merck, IgM BioSciences and Sail BioMedicines and previously served as a consultant for Bristol-Myers Squib, Variant Bio and ChemoCentryx. S.W.J. has funding provided by the National Institutes of Health (1R01DK136980 and 1K24AR085177) and Lupus Research Alliance (Lupus Mechanisms and Targets Award and Global Team Science Award). S.P. receives support for the conducting of clinical trials through Boston Children’s Hospital from Atara and Jasper, is the inventor of IP related to development of third-party viral specific T cells programme with all rights assigned to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, has received honoraria from Pierre Fabre, has engaged in consulting with Atara Biotherapeutics, Ensomo, HEOR, Pierre Fabre and VOR, is a DSMB member for Stanford University and NYBC and has equity interest in Regatta Biotherapies. N.N.S. receives research funding from Lentigen, VOR Bio and CARGO Therapeutics, has attended advisory board meetings (no honoraria) for VOR, ImmunoACT, and Sobi, receives royalties from CARGO and funding that supports this work was provided in part by the Intramural Research Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute and NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (ZIA BC 011823, N.N.S). K.A. has served on a scientific advisory board of Cabaletta Bio, completed paid consulting for Cabaletta Bio, serves as site PI of the Cabaletta Bio sponsored RESET-Myositis trial, serves as the Vice Chair of the Juvenile Dermatomyositis Committee for the Childhood Arthritis & Rheumatology Research Alliance (paid consultant position), has received honoraria/travel reimbursement from the Rheumatology Research Foundation and the American College of Rheumatology and receives research funding from the Rheumatology Research Foundation, Childhood Arthritis & Rheumatology Research Alliance/Arthritis Foundation, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cure JM Foundation, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, and National Institutes of Health/Technical Resources International. M.L. participates in sponsored research funded by Luminary Biotherapeutics. The Integrated Multidisciplinary Paediatric Autoimmunity and Cell Therapy (IMPACT) Working Group has no competing interests to disclose. The remaining authors do not have any competing interests to disclose. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services or the National Institutes of Health, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government.