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Article History

Accepted: 8 September 2025

First Online: 16 October 2025

Competing interests

: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. In the past two years, P.A.M. received funds for: consulting from AbbVie, Alpine, Amgen, ArGenx, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (CSL) Behring, GlaxoSmithKline, iCell, Interius, Kinevant, Kyverna, Metagenomia, Neutrolis, Novartis, NS Pharma, Q32, Quell, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sparrow, Takeda and Vistera; and for research support from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eicos, Electra, GlaxoSmithKline, Neutrolis and Takeda; and stock options from Kyverna, Q32, Lifordi and Sparrow; and royalties from UpToDate. D.J. received honoraria or consulting fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Aurinia, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer-Ingelheim, ChemoCentryx, GlaxoSmithKline, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Novartis, Otsuka, Roche/Genentech, Takeda, UCB and CSL Vifor. M.C.C. received consulting fees from GlaxoSmithKline, AbbVie, CSL Vifor, AstraZeneca, Alexion, Boehringer-Ingelheim and Novartis; royalties from UpToDate; and was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (PID2023-152265OB-I00), FEDER-EU. N.B. received consulting or advisory board honoraria from CSL Vifor and GlaxoSmithKline, and research grant support from AstraZeneca, CSL Vifor and GlaxoSmithKline. B.H. received consulting fees from Alexion, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, InflafRx, Novartis and CSL Vifor and honoraria for lectures from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer, Chugai, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Pfizer, Phadia, Roche and CSL Vifor. B.T. reported consulting fees from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, CSL Vifor, Novartis, Laboratoire Français du Fractionnement et des Biotechnologies (LFB) and Boehringer-Ingelheim. C.A.L. received research grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, NSD Pharma and non-paid consultancy royalties from Bristol-Myers Squibb, AbbVie and AstraZeneca. I.M.B. received grant support from CSL Vifor and Novartis; educational fees from Astra-Zeneca and CSL Vifor; and consulting fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Aurinia, Novartis, Amgen, Hansa and Alentis Consultancy Boards. I.M.B. also serves on the Glomerular Disease Council (CSL Vifor, Novartis), is owner of BiPath and vice-president of EUVAS. D.G. received consulting fees from Amgen, ChemoCentryx, Otsuka, Calliditas and Vera Therapeutics. F.C.F. received unrestricted research funding from Genentech/Roche. A.R.K. received research support, contract work and consultancy fees (funds to institution) from CSL, Visterra, Alentis, Variant Bio, Patrys and Sitala; speaker fees from CSL Seqirus; royalties from UpToDate; and is the chair of the Australia and New Zealand Vasculitis Society. U.S. received consulting or advisory board honoraria from Amgen, Argenx, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, ChemoCentryx, CSL Vifor and Novartis; and research grant support from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes, Novartis and NS-Pharma. A.K. received honoraria or consulting fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, CSL Vifor, Delta4, GlaxoSmithKline, Miltenyi Biotec, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, Roche, Sobi and Walden Biosciences. Peer review information; and unrestricted research grants from CSL Vifor and Otsuka received by A.K. He serves on the editorial boards of Glom Dis and Nephrol Dial Transplant. M.C.M., A.R., J.G., P.V., J.K. and J.H.S. have no competing interests to report.